Production can enhance semantic encoding: Evidence from forced-choice recognition with homophone versus synonym lures.

The production effect-better memory for words read aloud rather than silently-has been attributed to responses at test being guided by memory for the act of production. In Experiment 1, we evaluated this distinctiveness account by comparing production effects in forced-choice recognition when lures were either homophones of the targets (toad or towed?) or unrelated words (toad or seam?). If the production effect at test was driven solely by memory for the productive act (e.

Mitigating Racial Inequity by Addressing Racism in the Criminal Justice System: A Behavior Analytic Approach.

Racial inequity in the U.S. criminal justice system is a long-standing problem that has recently garnered international attention.

Artefacts in Volume Data Generated with High Resolution Episcopic Microscopy (HREM).

High resolution episcopic microscopy (HREM) produces digital volume data by physically sectioning histologically processed specimens, while capturing images of the subsequently exposed block faces. Our study aims to systematically define the spectrum of typical artefacts inherent to HREM data and to research their effect on the interpretation of the phenotype of wildtype and mutant mouse embryos. A total of 607 (198 wildtypes, 409 mutants) HREM data sets of mouse embryos harvested at embryonic day (E) 14.

The venous system of E14.5 mouse embryos-reference data and examples for diagnosing malformations in embryos with gene deletions.

Approximately one-third of randomly produced knockout mouse lines produce homozygous offspring, which fail to survive the perinatal period. The majority of these die around or after embryonic day (E)14.5, presumably from cardiovascular insufficiency.

Comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder in individuals with eating disorders: An epidemiological meta-analysis.

The present study aimed to provide a precise, meta-analytic estimate of the prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) amongst those with a current primary eating disorder (ED) diagnosis, and to isolate its predictors. An online search of PubMed and PsycINFO was conducted with a Boolean search phrase incorporating keywords related to OCD, EDs, comorbidity, prevalence, and epidemiology, complemented by references coded from related review articles and contact with experts in the field. Articles were included if they (a) reported an observational study examining current ED diagnoses, (b) used a semi-structured or structured diagnostic interview for OCD and ED diagnosis, (c) applied DSM or ICD criteria, (d) included adolescent or adult samples (age > 12), (e) included patient or community samples, and (f) reported lifetime or current OCD comorbidity.

The mouse line: lessons from the Deciphering the Mechanisms of Developmental Disorders program.

The Deciphering the Mechanisms of Developmental Disorders (DMDD) program uses a systematic and standardised approach to characterise the phenotype of embryos stemming from mouse lines, which produce embryonically lethal offspring. Our study aims to provide detailed phenotype descriptions of homozygous mutants produced in DMDD and harvested at embryonic day 14.5.

Intrinsic MYH7 expression regulation contributes to tissue level allelic imbalance in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

HCM, the most common inherited cardiac disease, is mainly caused by mutations in sarcomeric genes. More than a third of the patients are heterozygous for mutations in the MYH7 gene encoding for the β-myosin heavy chain. In HCM-patients, expression of the mutant and the wildtype allele can be unequal, thus leading to fractions of mutant and wildtype mRNA and protein which deviate from 1:1.

A staging system for correct phenotype interpretation of mouse embryos harvested on embryonic day 14 (E14.5).

We present a simple and quick system for accurately scoring the developmental progress of mouse embryos harvested on embryonic day 14 (E14.5). Based solely on the external appearance of the maturing forelimb, we provide a convenient way to distinguish six developmental sub-stages.

Highly variable penetrance of abnormal phenotypes in embryonic lethal knockout mice.

Identifying genes that are essential for mouse embryonic development and survival through term is a powerful and unbiased way to discover possible genetic determinants of human developmental disorders. Characterising the changes in mouse embryos that result from ablation of lethal genes is a necessary first step towards uncovering their role in normal embryonic development and establishing any correlates amongst human congenital abnormalities. Here we present results gathered to date in the Deciphering the Mechanisms of Developmental Disorders (DMDD) programme, cataloguing the morphological defects identified from comprehensive imaging of 220 homozygous mutant and 114 wild type embryos from 42 lethal and subviable lines, analysed at E14.

Cancer patient age and family caregiver bereavement outcomes.

Purpose: This study drew on life course theory to argue that the strains of cancer caregiving and bereavement are modified by the age of the patient. We expected that caregivers of middle-aged patients would be more distressed than caregivers of older patients.

Methods: This panel study conducted 199 interviews with family caregivers of advanced cancer patients; first following diagnosis and again shortly after the patient's death.

Grief and risk of depression in context: the emotional outcomes of bereaved cancer caregivers.

We investigated the relationships of grief and depression to cancer caregiving in early bereavement. We began with three expectations: (a) each outcome would reflect different situational predictors, (b) grief would be more directly related to such predictors, and (c) components of grief would relate differently to the caregiving context and depressed mood. We conducted telephone interviews with family caregivers of incurable cancer patients from two hospitals.

The longitudinal relationship between quality of life and survival in advanced stage cancer.

Objectives: Quality of Life (QoL) at baseline is frequently found to be a prognostic factor in cancer studies. However, little is known about the relationship of the trajectory of QoL and survival in patients with advanced cancer. This study evaluates the effects of both level and change of QoL on survival to explore the potential of utilizing longitudinal information of QoL for prognosis.

Preferences for aggressive care in underserved populations with advanced-stage lung cancer: looking beyond race and resuscitation.

Purpose: This paper examines the relationship between race, religiousness, spiritual well-being, antitumor treatment and preference for aggressive care among Black and White patients with advanced stage lung cancer receiving ambulatory cancer care in an urban setting.

Methods: A cross-sectional exploration of patients enrolled in a Cleveland-based longitudinal study after initial diagnosis of advanced lung cancer were interviewed in Cleveland regarding religiousness, spiritual well-being, preferences for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), goals of aggressive care, and willingness to tolerate adverse health states. Receipt of antitumor treatment was identified from medical records.

Sleepiness in elderly veterans.

Purpose: This observational study seeks to describe the distribution of sleepiness among elderly male veterans and to explain the relationship between sleepiness and age, function, mobility, and depression in this population.

Methods: Veterans who were age 60 or older and had two or more functional limitations based on their activities of daily living or instrumental activities of daily living were recruited in outpatient clinics. They were recruited as part of a longitudinal study and completed questionnaires reported here at the 18-month data collection time point.

An Exploration of the relative influence of patient's age and cancer recurrence status on symptom distress, anxiety, and depression over time.

Past research suggests that psychosocial responses to advanced or recurrent cancer vary by age. This study compares the relative influences of patients' age and recurrence status on indicators of symptom distress, anxiety, and depression following a diagnosis of advanced cancer. A prospective study of advanced cancer support provided patient outcome data reported at baseline, 3-, and 6-month intervals.

Relationships and emotional wellbeing among African American and White advanced cancer caregivers.

Objective: Advanced cancer family caregivers who have good relationships with other family members and with patient's health care providers (PHCPs) have less emotional distress than caregivers with poor relationships. Given a history of different experiences in medical settings among Whites and African Americans, we examined moderation effects by race.

Methods: Baseline data from an ongoing study were collected via telephone interviews with 397 family caregivers of advanced cancer patients at two cancer clinics.

Primary care physicians' involvement in the cancer care of older long-term survivors.

Objective: This study investigated survivors' reports of primary care physicians' (PCPs) involvement in three key cancer survivorship activities: discussing cancer history, whether the PCP initiated discussions, and whether discussions led to tests/procedures.

Method: The sample included 215 older survivors whose health care was maintained in primary care. Logistic regression explored predictors of the three activities, including demographics, cancer characteristics, survivor/PCP association characteristics, health characteristics, and psychosocial well-being.

Predictors of engagement in a coping and communication support intervention for older patients with advanced cancer.

Objectives: To examine patterns and predictors of engagement in a coping and communication support (CCS) intervention tailored to the preferences of middle-aged and older patients in the early treatment phase for late-stage cancer.

Design: Randomized controlled trial examining processes and outcomes of a CCS intervention for patients with late-stage cancer over time.

Setting: Two ambulatory cancer clinics providing care for underserved populations in Cleveland.

Differences in oncologist communication across age groups and contributions to adjuvant decision outcomes.

The objective of this study was to assess potential age-related differences in oncologist communication during conversations about adjuvant therapy decisions and subsequent patient decision outcomes. Communication was observed between a cross-section of female patients aged 40 to 80 with early-stage breast cancer (n=180) and their oncologists (n=36) in 14 academic and community oncology practices in two states. Sources of data included audio recordings of visits, followed by post-visit patient interviews.

The role of primary care physicians in advanced cancer care: perspectives of older patients and their oncologists.

Objectives: To examine data from advanced cancer patients and their oncologists regarding patient age-related differences in patient and oncologist perspectives on involvement of primary care physicians (PCPs) in aspects of cancer management.

Design: Randomized controlled trial of a support intervention for patients with late-stage cancer treated in two teaching hospital-based cancer clinics caring for underserved populations.

Participants: Three hundred fifty-seven patients who had an oncologist and PCP enrolled 2 to 3 months after an advanced cancer diagnosis.

Health and well-being in older married female cancer survivors.

Objectives: To investigate differences between older married female cancer survivors and a matched comparison sample on physical health and on effects of health on depressive symptomatology.

Design And Setting: National survey data from the 1992 Health and Retirement Study.

Participants: Married women who reported having been diagnosed with cancer (N=245) and married women who did not report a cancer diagnosis but who matched the survivors on age, race, and ethnicity (N=245).

Geriatric oncology and primary care: promoting partnerships in practice and research.

This supplement is a compilation of original work that was presented at an interdisciplinary conference on "Geriatric Oncology and Primary Care: Promoting Partnerships in Practice and Research" held in Cleveland, Ohio, April 3 to 4, 2008. An audience of 77 clinicians and researchers attended this conference, primarily coming from Ohio and adjacent states. Articles are organized around a conceptual framework to consider primary and shared care roles of primary care physicians (PCPs) and oncologists in the care of older patients with cancer and their families.

Relationship quality and burden among caregivers for late-stage cancer patients.

Objective: This study explores how caregiver relationship quality with family, patient, and patient's health care provider (HCP) is associated with subjective caregiver burden during the early treatment phase for late-stage cancer.

Method: Burden and relationship quality were assessed in telephone interviews with family caregivers (FCGs) of advanced cancer patients. The five subscales of the Caregiver Reaction Assessment measured burden, while relationships were measured with the Family Relationship Index, the Family Inventory of Needs subscale of met needs, and a scale assessing family discord in cancer communication.

Modeling patient-centered communication: oncologist relational communication and patient communication involvement in breast cancer adjuvant therapy decision-making.

Objective: Relational communication refers to those messages communicators naturally express that carry meaning about the type and quality of relationship they share. It is expected that patients of oncologists who express positive relational communication will be more communicatively involved in their office visits, and regret their decision for adjuvant therapy following surgery less.

Methods: One hundred eighty (180) audio-recorded discussions between oncologists (n=40) and early stage (I-III) breast cancer patients were coded with the Siminoff Communication Content and Affect Program (SCCAP).