Applying the functional independence measure to the assessment of patients with mucopolysaccharidosis.

Objective: To assess the functional independence of a group of patients with mucopolysaccharidosis using the Functional Independence Measure as a tool that accomplishes this purpose.

Methods: This is a cross-sectional study of patients with mucopolysaccharidosis. Our data was collected between June 2015 and July 2016.

Bears in a forest of gene trees: phylogenetic inference is complicated by incomplete lineage sorting and gene flow.

Ursine bears are a mammalian subfamily that comprises six morphologically and ecologically distinct extant species. Previous phylogenetic analyses of concatenated nuclear genes could not resolve all relationships among bears, and appeared to conflict with the mitochondrial phylogeny. Evolutionary processes such as incomplete lineage sorting and introgression can cause gene tree discordance and complicate phylogenetic inferences, but are not accounted for in phylogenetic analyses of concatenated data.