Assessment of sleep parameters in adults with persistent post-concussive symptoms.

Objectives: The primary aim of this study was to characterize sleep in adults with persistent post-concussive symptoms (PPCS). Secondary aims explored relationships between sleep parameters, injury characteristics, and symptom questionnaires.

Methods: This case-controlled, cross-sectional study recruited adults (18-65yrs) diagnosed with PPCS and age and sex-matched controls.

Glutamate, GABA and glutathione in adults with persistent post-concussive symptoms.

Persistent post-concussive symptoms (PPCS) are debilitating and endure beyond the usual recovery period after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Altered neurotransmission, impaired energy metabolism and oxidative stress have been examined acutely post-injury but have not been explored extensively in those with persistent symptoms. Specifically, the antioxidant glutathione (GSH) and the excitatory and inhibitory metabolites, glutamate (Glu) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), are seldom studied together in the clinical mTBI literature.