A deep learning-based system for automatic detection of emesis with high accuracy in Suncus murinus.

Quantifying emesis in Suncus murinus (S. murinus) has traditionally relied on direct observation or reviewing recorded behaviour, which are laborious, time-consuming processes that are susceptible to operator error. With rapid advancements in deep learning, automated animal behaviour quantification tools with high accuracy have emerged.

Fact or Myth? Black Patients Do Not Want to Participate in Clinical Trials.

Introduction: To assess strategies for optimizing participation of underserved minorities in a blood-based early colorectal cancer detection test study (PREEMPT CRC; NCT04369053) at a hospital serving primarily Black individuals.

Methods: Culturally sensitive, racially congruent research staff approached individuals undergoing average-risk screening colonoscopy. Consent/study procedures were synchronized with clinical appointments.

Challenges and consensus: A survey of the management of neonatal hypoglycaemia within the Pacific Islands.

Aim: To describe the management of neonatal hypoglycaemia within Pacific Island countries and territories by surveying practising clinicians.

Methods: Survey questions were adapted from a similar survey conducted across Australian and New Zealand neonatal nurseries. An anonymous, electronic survey link and QR code were disseminated to clinicians via our partner organisations, Facebook and direct email.

Imaging analytical technique to assess gastrointestinal motility in vivo using zebrafish larvae with diabetes mellitus-like traits.

In diabetes mellitus (DM), the prevalence of gastrointestinal (GI) complications, including constipation, diarrhoea, gastroparesis, and/or enteropathy, can be up to ~75%. In this study, we compared three zebrafish larvae models of DM and established an analytical protocol for GI motility. Larvae were fed with either a standard diet (SD; control), or one of three diets to induce a DM-like phenotype: excessive feeding of SD food (ED), a high-fat diet (HFD), or exposing SD-fed larvae to 30 mmol/L glucose (SDG).

Investigating the impact of steroid dependence on gastrointestinal surgical outcomes from UK Biobank.

Although corticosteroids are an important treatment for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients, many subjects develop dependence, leading to serious long-term side effects. We applied causal inference analyses to investigate the length of steroid use on reoperations in IBD patients. We identified subjects in the UK Biobank general practice dataset with at least one major GI surgery and followed them for at least 5 years to evaluate subsequent operations.

Action of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) peptide to attenuate cisplatin-induced emesis in Suncus murinus (house musk shrew).

Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) peptide is a brain-gut neuropeptide that has been implicated in a range of physiological functions including appetite, which is disturbed during chemotherapy. The aims of the present study were to identify the distribution and expression of CART mRNA and CART peptide, and to examine the potential of CART (55-102) to attenuate cisplatin-induced emesis in Suncus murinus. CART mRNA and peptide were detected throughout the entire brain, including the forebrain, hypothalamus, and brainstem, and also in the gut wall and stomach.

MICUs protect the heart by regulating mitochondrial calcium.

Regulation of mitochondrial calcium uptake by the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (mtCU) complex is crucial for heart function. In a recent study, Hasan et al. demonstrated that mitochondrial calcium uptake (MICU)1 and MICU2, regulatory subunits of the complex, help maintain calcium homeostasis in cardiac mitochondria, providing potential targets for therapies aimed at improving mitochondrial function in heart disease.

Patient-Reported Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis: Results From the National Health and Wellness Survey.

Background: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory condition characterized by chronic, disabling gastrointestinal symptoms that can have detrimental effects on psychological, social, and professional quality of life. Few studies have examined patient-reported outcomes (PROs) and economic outcomes among individuals with varying UC severity and across different racial/ethnic groups.

Methods: This cross-sectional study assessed sociodemographic data, PROs, and economic outcomes for participants from the National Health and Wellness Survey (2018, 2019, and 2020) with UC.

The growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a agonists, anamorelin and ipamorelin, inhibit cisplatin-induced weight loss in ferrets: Anamorelin also exhibits anti-emetic effects via a central mechanism.

This study investigated whether ghrelin mimetics, namely anamorelin and ipamorelin, can alleviate weight loss and inhibition of feeding observed during acute and delayed phases of cisplatin-induced emesis in ferrets. The potential of anamorelin to inhibit electrical field stimulation (EFS)-induced contractions of isolated ferret ileum was compared with ipamorelin. In other experiments, ferrets were administered anamorelin (1-3 mg/kg), ipamorelin (1-3 mg/kg), or vehicle intraperitoneally (i.

MICU3 Regulates Mitochondrial Calcium and Cardiac Hypertrophy.

Background: Calcium (Ca) uptake by mitochondria occurs via the mitochondrial Ca uniporter. Mitochondrial Ca uniporter exists as a complex, regulated by 3 MICU (mitochondrial Ca uptake) proteins localized in the intermembrane space: MICU1, MICU2, and MICU3. Although MICU3 is present in the heart, its role is largely unknown.

Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health-Related Outcomes in Crohn's Disease: Results From the National Health and Wellness Survey.

Background: Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting the entire gastrointestinal tract that is associated with significant humanistic, clinical, and economic burdens. Few studies have assessed the association between CD severity and patient-reported outcomes (PROs), healthcare resource utilization (HCRU), and medical costs; even fewer have examined differences in disease outcomes among patients of various racial/ethnic groups.

Methods: In this cross-sectional study, sociodemographic data, PROs, and economic outcomes for participants with self-reported CD were collected from the National Health and Wellness Survey (2018-2020).

Exploring the role of ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin in chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.

Ghrelin and its mimetics have been shown to reduce cisplatin-induced emesis in preclinical studies using ferrets and shrews. This study investigated the effectiveness of ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin (DAG) in antagonizing cisplatin-induced emesis and physiological changes indicative of nausea in Suncus murinus. Animals implanted with radiotelemetry devices were administered ghrelin (0.

Subtyping Gastrointestinal Surgical Outcomes from Real World Data: A Comprehensive Analysis of UK Biobank.

Chronic gastrointestinal (GI) conditions, such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), offer a promising opportunity to create classification systems that can enhance the accuracy of predicting the most effective therapies and prognosis for each patient. Here, we present a novel methodology to explore disease subtypes using our open-sourced BiomedSciAI toolkit. Applying methods available in this toolkit on the UK Biobank, including subpopulation-based feature selection and multi-dimensional subset scanning, we aimed to discover unique subgroups from GI surgery cohorts.

Automatic Mapping of Terminology Items with Transformers.

Biomedical ontologies are a key component in many systems for the analysis of textual clinical data. They are employed to organize information about a certain domain relying on a hierarchy of different classes. Each class maps a concept to items in a terminology developed by domain experts.

Mechanisms of reduced myocardial energetics of the dystrophic heart.

Heart disease is a leading cause of death in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), characterized by the progressive replacement of contractile tissue with scar tissue. Effective therapies for dystrophic cardiomyopathy will require addressing the disease before the onset of fibrosis, however, the mechanisms of the early disease are poorly understood. To understand the pathophysiology of DMD, we perform a detailed functional assessment of cardiac function of the mdx mouse, a model of DMD.

Astrocyte-specific knockout of YKL-40/Chi3l1 reduces Aβ burden and restores memory functions in 5xFAD mice.

Glial cell-mediated neuroinflammation and neuronal attrition are highly correlated with cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease. YKL-40 is a secreted astrocytic glycoprotein that serves as a diagnostic biomarker of Alzheimer's disease. High levels of YKL-40 are associated with either advanced Alzheimer's disease or the normal aging process.

Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: An Online Survey.

Background: Data regarding care access and outcomes in Black/Indigenous/People of Color/Hispanic (BIPOC/H) individuals is limited. This study evaluated care barriers, disease status, and outcomes among a diverse population of White/non-Hispanic (W/NH) and BIPOC/H inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients at a large U.S.

A Communitywide Collaboration to Increase Enrollment, Retention, and Success in Evidence-Based Lifestyle-Change Programs in Racial and Ethnic Minority Populations.

Purpose And Objectives: Chronic diseases (eg, diabetes, hypertension) are the leading causes of death in the US and disproportionally affect racial and ethnic minority populations. This disparity is partially due to the unequal burden of unmet social needs that stem from several factors, including racism.

Intervention Approach: The Alliance is a collaboration among health care, public health, and community organizations formed to improve referral, enrollment, and successful completion of evidence-based lifestyle-change programs, particularly among Black people.

Distinct effects of cardiac mitochondrial calcium uniporter inactivation via EMRE deletion in the short and long term.

Transport of Ca into mitochondria is thought to stimulate the production of ATP, a critical process in the heart's fight or flight response, but excess Ca can trigger cell death. The mitochondrial Ca uniporter complex is the primary route of Ca transport into mitochondria, in which the channel-forming protein MCU and the regulatory protein EMRE are essential for activity. In previous studies, chronic Mcu or Emre deletion differed from acute cardiac Mcu deletion in response to adrenergic stimulation and ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, despite equivalent inactivation of rapid mitochondrial Ca uptake.

Predicting drug adverse effects using a new Gastro-Intestinal Pacemaker Activity Drug Database (GIPADD).

Electrical data could be a new source of big-data for training artificial intelligence (AI) for drug discovery. A Gastro-Intestinal Pacemaker Activity Drug Database (GIPADD) was built using a standardized methodology to test drug effects on electrical gastrointestinal (GI) pacemaker activity. The current report used data obtained from 89 drugs with 4867 datasets to evaluate the potential use of the GIPADD for predicting drug adverse effects (AEs) using a machine-learning (ML) approach and to explore correlations between AEs and GI pacemaker activity.

A focused retrospective study on differences in IBD characteristics between Black and White patients in the south.

Background: Most facets of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) have not been thoroughly compared among minority populations, including Black patients. Our study was designed to characterize the demographics, phenotypes, outcomes, healthcare utilization, and treatment of IBD in a large cohort with 38% Black patients.

Methods: Electronic health records of 3272 IBD patients seen in a tertiary academic medical network from 2012 to July 15th, 2019 were analyzed.

Black Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients Have Lower Response to Antitumor Necrosis Factor Agents Compared With White Patients.

Background: Most studies on the safety and efficacy of antitumor necrosis factor alpha (anti-TNF) agents in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease have included few Black patients.

Aims: We aimed to evaluate the therapeutic response rate in Black IBD patients compared with White patients.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of IBD patients who were treated with anti-TNF agents and assessed those with therapeutic drug levels for clinical, endoscopic, and radiologic response to anti-TNF treatment.

Regional differences of tachykinin effects on smooth muscle and pacemaker potentials of the stomach, duodenum, ileum and colon of an emetic model, the house musk shrews.

Background And Aims: The contractile effects of tachykinins on the gastrointestinal tract are well-known, but how they modulate slow-waves, particularly in species capable of emesis, remains largely unknown. We aimed to elucidate the effects of tachykinins on myoelectric and contractile activity of isolated gastrointestinal tissues of the Suncus murinus.

Methods: The effects of substance P (SP), neurokinin (NK)A, NKB and selective NK (CP122,721, CP99,994), NK (SR48,968, GR159,897) and NK (SB218,795, SB222,200) receptor antagonists on isolated stomach, duodenum, ileum and colon segments were studied.