Nutritionally acquired immunodeficiency must be addressed with the same urgency as HIV to end tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading infectious killer worldwide, with 10.6 million cases and 1.6 million deaths in 2021 alone.

The ABCDs of nutritional assessment in infectious diseases research.

Malnutrition is the most common acquired cause of immunodeficiency worldwide. Nutritional deficiencies can blunt both the innate and adaptive immune response to pathogens. Furthermore, malnutrition is both a cause and consequence of infectious diseases.

A Randomized Crossover Trial of Acceptability of Quadruple-Fortified Salt in Women and their Households in Southern India.

Background: Double-fortified salt (DFS; iron, iodine) improved iron status in randomized trials and was incorporated into India's social safety net programs, suggesting opportunities to address other micronutrient deficiencies.

Objectives: To evaluate the acceptability of quadruple-fortified salt (QFS; iron, iodine, folic acid, and vitamin B) in women and their households, using a randomized crossover trial design and triangle tests.

Methods: Women 18-49 y (n = 77) and their households were randomly assigned to receive QFS or DFS in a randomized crossover design over a 3-wk period (week 1: QFS/DFS, week 2: iodized salt, week 3: DFS/QFS).

Connecting precision nutrition with the Food is Medicine approach.

Two initiatives are reshaping how we can approach and address the persistent and widely prevalent challenge of malnutrition, the leading global risk factor for morbidity and mortality. First is the focus on precision nutrition to identify inter- and intra-individual variation in our responses to diet, and its determinants. Second is the Food is Medicine (FIM) approach, an umbrella term for programs and services that link nutrition and health through the provision of food (e.

Prevalence and Correlates of Double and Triple Burden of Malnutrition Among Children and Adolescents in India: The Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey.

Background: Limited information on the co-prevalence of undernutrition, micronutrient deficiencies, overnutrition, and abnormal levels of noncommunicable disease biomarkers at the same time in children and adolescents in India hinders efforts to comprehensively address their health.

Objectives: This study aimed to examine the prevalence and correlates of double burden of malnutrition (DBM) and triple burden of malnutrition (TBM) among children and adolescents (5-19 y) to inform policies and programs.

Methods: A total of 17,599 children (5-9 y) and 16,184 adolescents (10-19 y) with available biomarker data from the Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey were included.

Daily oral iron supplementation during pregnancy.

Background: Iron and folic acid supplementation have been recommended in pregnancy for anaemia prevention, and may improve other maternal, pregnancy, and infant outcomes.

Objectives: To examine the effects of daily oral iron supplementation during pregnancy, either alone or in combination with folic acid or with other vitamins and minerals, as an intervention in antenatal care.

Search Methods: We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Trials Registry on 18 January 2024 (including CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, ClinicalTrials.

Factors contributing to telemedicine efficacy in pediatric urology.

Introduction: Despite swift implementation of telemedicine with the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, there is a paucity of research on its use for management of pediatric urology patients. Specifically, there is limited knowledge and inconsistent data on the effectiveness of telemedicine for various pediatric urologic conditions. Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy of pediatric urological care provided via video visits (VVs) at a large tertiary care children's hospital.

Potential Mechanisms of Precision Nutrition-Based Interventions for Managing Obesity.

Precision nutrition (PN) considers multiple individual-level and environmental characteristics or variables to better inform dietary strategies and interventions for optimizing health, including managing obesity and metabolic disorders. Here, we review the evidence on potential mechanisms-including ones to identify individuals most likely to respond-that can be leveraged in the development of PN interventions addressing obesity. We conducted a review of the literature and included laboratory, animal, and human studies evaluating biochemical and genetic data, completed and ongoing clinical trials, and public programs in this review.

Vitamin B12 supplementation during pregnancy for maternal and child health outcomes.

Background: Vitamin B deficiency is a major public health problem worldwide, with the highest burden in elderly people, pregnant women, and young children. Due to its role in DNA synthesis and methylation, folate metabolism, and erythropoiesis, vitamin B supplementation during pregnancy may confer longer-term benefits to maternal and child health outcomes.

Objectives: To evaluate the benefits and harms of oral vitamin B supplementation during pregnancy on maternal and child health outcomes.

The impact of procedural activities on musculoskeletal pain experienced by pregnant surgeons.

Background: Two-thirds of surgeons report work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMD). There is limited data on WRMD symptoms experienced by pregnant surgeons.

Methods: We distributed an electronic survey via personal contacts to attending and trainee surgeons across six academic institutions to assess the impact of procedural activities and surgical ergonomics (SE) on WRMD symptoms during pregnancy.

Speaking and listening: The importance of stakeholder engagement in quality improvement in pediatric urology.

To improve health care, we as clinicians must work to change processes that make it easier to do our job well and reliably every day. Before improving a process, we must understand it and this often requires employing the expertise of others. Indeed, quality improvement work is often done in teams.

Enhanced Recovery After Surgery for an Uncommon Complex Urological Procedure: The Complete Primary Repair of Bladder Exstrophy.

Purpose: ERAS (enhanced recovery after surgery) protocols are designed to optimize perioperative care and expedite recovery. Historically, complete primary repair of bladder exstrophy has included postoperative recovery in the intensive care unit and extended length of stay. We hypothesized that instituting ERAS principles would benefit children undergoing complete primary repair of bladder exstrophy, decreasing length of stay.

Atypical Presentation Delays Treatment of Pediatric Testicular Torsion.

Objective: The aim of the study is to identify patient- and care-related factors associated with time to treatment for acute testicular torsion and the likelihood of testicular loss.

Methods: Data were retrospectively collected for patients 18 years and younger who had surgery for acute testicular torsion between April 1, 2005, and September 1, 2021. Atypical symptoms and history were defined as having abdominal, leg, or flank pain, dysuria, urinary frequency, local trauma, or not having testicular pain.

A Randomized Trial of Quadruple-Fortified Salt for Anemia and Birth Defects Prevention in Southern India: Protocol Design and Methods.

Background: Women of reproductive age are at an increased risk of anemia and micronutrient deficiencies. Evidence supports the role of periconceptional nutrition in the development of neural tube defects (NTDs) and other pregnancy complications. Vitamin B deficiency is a risk factor for NTDs and may modify folate biomarkers that predict NTD risk at the population level.

Characterizing digital access in pediatric urology.

Background: Virtual medicine has the potential to improve access for underserved populations by facilitating timely remote evaluation. However, challenges in the real-world implementation of this technology may paradoxically exacerbate health disparities. We sought to characterize families' digital access and how social determinants of health may impact virtual medicine access within pediatric urology.

Estimation of Hydration and Density of Fat-Free Mass in Indian Children Using a 4-Compartment Model: Implications for the Estimation of Body Composition Using 2-Compartment Models.

Background: Accurate methods are needed to measure body fat mass (FM), particularly in South Asian children who are thought to have greater adiposity for a given body size. The accuracy of simple 2-compartment (2C) models of measuring FM depends on the primary measurement of the fat free mass (FFM) and the validity of assumed constants for FFM hydration and density. These have not been measured in this particular ethnic group.

Press Ganey Ratings in Urology: Who is at Risk of Bias?

Objective: To evaluate effect of patient and physician demographics on Press Ganey (PG) survey ratings for urologists.

Methods: PG surveys (02/2020-08/2021) for urologists at a single tertiary care center were analyzed. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to assess the relationship between patient and physician-level covariates and the primary outcome of a "topbox" Overall Doctor Rating (topbox-ODR) score of 9 or 10 of 10.

Comparison of Anemia Screening Methods Using Paired Venous Samples in Women of Reproductive Age in Southern India.

Background: Anemia is an important public health problem, and accurate estimates may inform policy and programs. Although hemoglobin (Hb) assessment of venous blood via automated hematology analyzers (AHAs) is recommended, most population-based surveys estimate anemia prevalence based on analysis of capillary blood via portable hemoglobinometers.

Objectives: We aimed to evaluate screening methods for hemoglobin and anemia assessment using paired venous samples.

Iron status and inflammation in women of reproductive age: A population-based biomarker survey and clinical study.

Background: Women of reproductive age (WRA) are at increased risk for anemia and iron deficiency. However, there is limited population-level data in India, which could help inform evidence-based recommendations and policy.

Aims: To conduct a population-based biomarker survey of anemia, iron deficiency, and inflammation in WRA in Southern India.

Iron, folic acid, and multiple micronutrient supplementation strategies during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes in Botswana.

Background: Antenatal multiple micronutrient supplementation (MMS) with iron, folic acid, and other micronutrients might improve birth outcomes, but it is not currently universally recommended by WHO.

Methods: In this observational cohort study, we surveyed pregnancies for adverse birth outcomes at eight hospitals from July, 2014, to July, 2018, and 18 hospitals from August, 2018, to December, 2020, in Botswana to assess four routine supplementation strategies in women presenting before 24 weeks' gestation: folic acid only, iron only, iron and folic acid supplementation (IFAS), and MMS. Women with singleton pregnancies; a known HIV status, age, and delivery site; haemoglobin measured within 7 days of presenting to antenatal care; and weight measured within 31 days of presenting to care were included in our analysis.

A randomized trial of iron- and zinc-biofortified pearl millet-based complementary feeding in children aged 12 to 18 months living in urban slums.

Background & Aims: Biofortification of staple crops with higher levels of micronutrients via traditional breeding methods is a sustainable strategy and can possibly complement fortification and other interventions to target micronutrient deficiencies in low resource settings, particularly among vulnerable populations such as children. We aimed to determine if iron- and zinc-biofortified pearl millet (FeZnPM, Dhanashakti, ICTP-8203Fe)-based complementary feeding improves nutritional status, including iron biomarkers and growth, in children living in urban slums of Mumbai.

Methods: We conducted a randomized controlled trial of FeZnPM among 223 children aged 12-18 months who were not severely anemic at baseline (hemoglobin ≥9.