Estimation of Injury Limits at Vulnerable Impact Locations Along the Forearm Via THUMS AM50 Finite Element Model at Airbag Loading Rates.

Side and frontal airbag deployment represents the main injury mechanism to the upper extremity during automotive collisions. Previous dynamic injury limit research has been limited to testing the forearm at either the assumed most vulnerable location to fracture, the distal 1/3rd, or the midpoint. Studies have varied the surface to which impacts were applied, with no clear consensus on the site of greatest vulnerability.

Quantification of Behind Shield Blunt Impacts Using a Modified Upper Extremity Anthropomorphic Test Device.

Ballistic shields are used by military and police members in dangerous situations to protect the user against threats such as gunfire. When struck, the shield material deforms to absorb the incoming kinetic energy of the projectile. If the rapid back-face deformation contacts the arm, it can potentially impart a large force, leading to injury risk, termed behind armor blunt trauma (BABT).

The Axial Impact Response and Plantar Load Distribution of the Hybrid III and Military Lower Extremity Under Altered Ankle Postures.

Foot injuries as a result of automotive collisions are frequent and impactful. Anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs), used to assess injury risk during impact scenarios such as motor vehicle collisions, typically assess risk of foot/ankle injuries by analyzing data in tibia load cells. The peak axial force and the tibia index are metrics commonly used to evaluate risk of injury to the lower extremity but do not directly account for injury risk to the foot, or the risk of injury associated with out-of-position loading.

Disruptive colouration in reef fish: does matching the background reduce predation risk?

Animals use disruptive colouration to prevent detection or recognition by potential predators or prey. Highly contrasting elements within colour patterns, including vertical or horizontal bars, are thought to be effective at distracting attention away from body form and reducing detection likelihood However, it is unclear whether such patterns need to be a good match to the spatial characteristics of the background to gain cryptic benefits. We tested this hypothesis using the iconic vertically barred humbug damselfish, (Linneaus 1758), a small reef fish that lives among the finger-like projections of branching coral colonies Using behavioural experiments, we demonstrated that the spatial frequency of the humbug pattern does not need to exactly match the spatial frequency of the coral background to reduce the likelihood of being attacked by two typical reef fish predators: slingjaw wrasse, (Pallas 1770), and coral trout, (Lacépède 1802).