Localization, Occurrence, and CSF Changes of SP-G, a New Surface Active Protein with Assumable Immunoregulatory Functions in the CNS.

Conventional surfactant proteins (A, B, C, and D) are important players of the innate immunity in the central nervous system and serve as effective regulators of cerebrospinal fluid rheology, probably being involved in clearance of detrimental metabolites like beta-amyloid and phospho-tau. Recently, a novel surfactant protein, SP-G, was described in kidneys and peripheral endocrine and exocrine glands. So far, its presence and possible functions in the central nervous system are unknown.

Diffusion profiling of tumor volumes using a histogram approach can predict proliferation and further microarchitectural features in medulloblastoma.

Background: Medulloblastomas are the most common central nervous system tumors in childhood. Treatment and prognosis strongly depend on histology and transcriptomic profiling. However, the proliferative potential also has prognostical value.

Whole Tumor Histogram-profiling of Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Images Reflects Tumorbiological Features of Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma.

Purpose: Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) quantifies motion of hydrogen nuclei in biological tissues and hereby has been used to assess the underlying tissue microarchitecture. Histogram-profiling of DWI provides more detailed information on diffusion characteristics of a lesion than the standardly calculated values of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC)-minimum, mean and maximum. Hence, the aim of our study was to investigate, which parameters of histogram-profiling of DWI in primary central nervous system lymphoma can be used to specifically predict features like cellular density, chromatin content and proliferative activity.

Elevated Surfactant Protein Levels and Increased Flow of Cerebrospinal Fluid in Cranial Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Surfactant proteins (SPs) are a multifunctional group of proteins, responsible for the regulation of rheological properties of body fluids, host defense, and cellular waste clearance. Their concentrations are changed in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients suffering from communicating hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalic conditions are accompanied by altered CSF flow dynamics; however, the association of CSF-SP concentrations and CSF flow has not yet been investigated.

Histogram Analysis of Diffusion Weighted Imaging at 3T is Useful for Prediction of Lymphatic Metastatic Spread, Proliferative Activity, and Cellularity in Thyroid Cancer.

Unlabelled: Pre-surgical diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) is increasingly important in the context of thyroid cancer for identification of the optimal treatment strategy. It has exemplarily been shown that DWI at 3T can distinguish undifferentiated from well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma, which has decisive implications for the magnitude of surgery. This study used DWI histogram analysis of whole tumor apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps.

Correlations of Ventricular Enlargement with Rheologically Active Surfactant Proteins in Cerebrospinal Fluid.

: Surfactant proteins (SPs) are involved in the regulation of rheological properties of body fluids. Concentrations of SPs are altered in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of hydrocephalus patients. The common hallmark of hydrocephalus is enlargement of the brain ventricles.

Occurrence and colocalization of surfactant proteins A, B, C and D in the developing and adult rat brain.

Background: Surfactant proteins (SP's) have been described as inherent proteins of the human central nervous system (CNS). Their distribution pattern in brain tissue and altered cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) - concentrations in different CNS pathologies are indicative of their immunological and rheological importance. The aim of this study has been to investigate when - compared to the lungs - SP's are expressed in the developing rat brain and which functional components in the CNS participate in their production.

The Cerebral Surfactant System and Its Alteration in Hydrocephalic Conditions.

Introduction: Pulmonary Surfactant reduces surface tension in the terminal airways thus facilitating breathing and contributes to host's innate immunity. Surfactant Proteins (SP) A, B, C and D were recently identified as inherent proteins of the CNS. Aim of the study was to investigate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) SP levels in hydrocephalus patients compared to normal subjects.

CXCR4 and CXCR7 Mediate TFF3-Induced Cell Migration Independently From the ERK1/2 Signaling Pathway.

Purpose: Trefoil factor family (TFF) peptides, and in particular TFF3, are characteristic secretory products of mucous epithelia that promote antiapoptosis, epithelial migration, restitution, and wound healing. For a long time, a receptor for TFF3 had not yet been identified. However, the chemokine receptor CXCR4 has been described as a low affinity receptor for TFF2.

Isolation and Investigation of Presumptive Murine Lacrimal Gland Stem Cells.

Purpose: Aqueous tear deficiency due to lacrimal gland insufficiency is one of the major causes of dry eye disease. In severe cases, such as Sjogren's syndrome, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, or ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, therapy with artificial tears is often insufficient to relieve severe discomfort, prevent progressive ocular surface disease, or enable visual rehabilitation by corneal transplantation. Cell or organ generation from stem cells, resulting in tear-like secretion, presents an option as a suitable alternative treatment.

Alteration of galectin-3 in tears of patients with dry eye disease.

Purpose: To investigate the expression, release, and proteolytic degradation of galectin-3 in patients with dry eye disease.

Design: Observational case series with a comparison group.

Methods: Tear washes and conjunctival impression cytology specimens were collected through standard procedures from 16 patients with dry eye and 11 age-matched healthy subjects.

Trefoil factor family peptide 3 (TFF3) is upregulated under experimental conditions similar to dry eye disease and supports corneal wound healing effects in vitro.

Purpose: To elucidate the role of trefoil family peptide (TFF) 3 at the ocular surface under conditions similar to dry eye disease (DED) and in tears of patients suffering from DED.

Methods: Trefoil family peptide 3 levels in tear samples from non-Sjögren's DED patients with moderate dry eye were analyzed by ELISA and compared with tears from healthy volunteers. A human corneal epithelial (HCE) cell line was treated with proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α, hyperosmolar medium, or scratching for up to 24 hours.

The influence of 13-cis retinoic acid on human meibomian gland epithelial cells.

Purpose: Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is a primary cause of dry eye disease. One of the risk factors for MGD is exposure to 13-cis retinoic acid (13-cis RA), a metabolite of vitamin A. However, the mechanism is not well understood.