A Retrospective Evaluation of Subsurface Monopolar Radiofrequency for Lifting of the Face, Neck, and Jawline.

Background: Subsurface monopolar radiofrequency (SMRF) has emerged as a new method for reducing skin laxity via the controlled delivery of thermal energy below the skin using a radiofrequency probe.

Objective: To evaluate the overall efficacy of the treatment and satisfaction ratings of subjects who underwent a single SMRF treatment to the face, neck, or jawline (or some combination).

Materials And Methods: A retrospective, single-center study was conducted in which data were obtained via subject follow-ups at 90 and 180 days posttreatment.

Stabilizing the CH2 Domain of an Antibody by Engineering in an Enhanced Aromatic Sequon.

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) exhibiting highly selective binding to a protein target constitute a large and growing proportion of the therapeutics market. Aggregation of mAbs results in the loss of their therapeutic efficacy and can result in deleterious immune responses. The CH2 domain comprising part of the Fc portion of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is typically the least stable domain in IgG-type antibodies and therefore influences their aggregation propensity.