Online trend estimation and detection of trend deviations in sub-sewershed time series of SARS-CoV-2 RNA measured in wastewater.

Wastewater surveillance has proven a cost-effective key public health tool to understand a wide range of community health diseases and has been a strong source of information on community levels and spread for health departments throughout the SARS- CoV-2 pandemic. Studies spanning the globe demonstrate the strong association between virus levels observed in wastewater and quality clinical case information of the population served by the sewershed. Few of these studies incorporate the temporal dependence present in sampling over time, which can lead to estimation issues which in turn impact conclusions.

A spatiotemporal case-crossover model of asthma exacerbation in the City of Houston.

Case-crossover design is a popular construction for analyzing the impact of a transient effect, such as ambient pollution levels, on an acute outcome, such as an asthma exacerbation. Case-crossover design avoids the need to model individual, time-varying risk factors for cases by using cases as their own 'controls', chosen to be time periods for which individual risk factors can be assumed constant and need not be modelled. Many studies have examined the complex effects of the control period structure on model performance, but these discussions were simplified when case-crossover design was shown to be equivalent to various specifications of Poisson regression when exposure is considered constant across study participants.