Immunohistochemical analysis of sex hormone receptors in squamous changes of the urothelium.

Objective: Squamous cell transformation of the urinary bladder urothelium has various causes, symptoms, and few treatment options. The aim of this study was to analyze and compare the expression of sex hormone receptors in non-keratinized and keratinized squamous metaplasia (NKSM, KSM), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and healthy urothelium with regard to possible therapeutic approaches.

Methods: Biopsies from 26 patients with urothelial NKSM, KSM, and SCC were analyzed retrospectively.