A longitudinal study combining the Double Diamond framework and Behavior Change Wheel to co-create a sedentary behavior intervention in police control rooms.

Background: Police work can be sedentary and stressful, negatively impacting health and wellbeing. In a novel co-creation approach, we used the Behavior Change Wheel (BCW) and Double Diamond (DD) design framework to guide the collaborative design and development of a sedentary behavior intervention in the control rooms of two British police forces.

Methods: Multiple stakeholders participated in four phases of research.

Principles for Adapting Assessments of Executive Function across Cultural Contexts.

Direct assessments of executive functions (EFs) are increasingly used in research and clinical settings, with a central assumption that they assess "universal" underlying skills. Their use is spreading globally, raising questions about the cultural appropriateness of assessments devised in Western industrialized countries. We selectively reviewed multidisciplinary evidence and theory to identify sets of cultural preferences that may be at odds with the implicit assumptions of EF assessments.

Naturally Occurring Yeasts Associated with Can Enhance the Efficacy of the Cryptophlebia Leucotreta Granulovirus.

Yeasts associated with lepidopteran pests have been shown to play a role in their survival, development, and oviposition preference. It has been demonstrated that combining these yeasts with existing biological control agents can enhance their efficacy. The tortricid is a phytosanitary pest in the South African citrus industry, with the baculovirus Cryptophlebia leucotreta granulovirus (CrleGV) being one of the components that can control this pest.

The History of Baculovirology in Africa.

Baculovirology has been studied on the African continent for the development of insect virus-based biopesticides and, to a much lesser extent, vaccine production and delivery, since the 1960s. In this review, we focus only on baculoviruses as biopesticides for agricultural pests in Africa. At least 11 species of baculovirus have been discovered or studied on the African continent, some with several distinct isolates, with the objective in most cases being the development of a biopesticide.

Mutualism between Gut-Borne Yeasts and Their Host, Thaumatotibia leucotreta, and Potential Usefulness in Pest Management.

Thaumatotibia leucotreta is endemic to southern Africa and is highly significant for various fruit industries, including the South African citrus industry, due to its classification as a phytosanitary pest. Mutualistic associations between C. pomonella, closely related to T.

Selection for and Analysis of UV-Resistant Cryptophlebia Leucotreta Granulovirus-SA as a Biopesticide for .

Cryptophlebia leucotreta granulovirus-SA (CrleGV-SA) is used as a commercial biopesticide for the false codling moth, , in citrus and other crops. The virus is sensitive to UV irradiation from sunlight, which reduces its efficacy as a biopesticide in the field. We selected a UV-resistant CrleGV-SA isolate, with more than a thousand-fold improved virulence compared to the wild-type isolate, measured by comparing LC values.

Building an assessment of community-defined social-emotional competencies from the ground up in Tanzania.

Two studies were conducted in 2017 to investigate children's competencies seen as important by communities in Mtwara, Tanzania. Qualitative data from 95 parents (34 women) and 27 teachers (11 women) in Study 1 indicated that dimensions of social responsibility, such as obedience, were valued highly. In Study 2, the competencies of 477 children (245 girls), aged 4-13 years, were rated by teachers and parents.

Reads in a haystack: extracting complete mitogenome sequences hidden in baculovirus datasets.

Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) is one of many economically important insect pests for which no complete mitogenome sequence is available. The complete mitochondrial sequences for this species and other key pests could assist in the development of novel molecular techniques, such as enabling the identification of population-specific markers which could assist in improved monitoring of populations. The objective of this study was to determine whether NGS datasets generated for entomopathogenic viruses contain reads originating from host mitochondrial DNA.

Preventive malaria treatment among school-aged children in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analyses.

Background: The burden of malaria infection in sub-Saharan Africa among school-aged children aged 5-15 years is underappreciated and represents an important source of human-to-mosquito transmission of Plasmodium falciparum. Additional interventions are needed to control and eliminate malaria. We aimed to assess whether preventive treatment of malaria might be an effective means of reducing P falciparum infection and anaemia in school-aged children and lowering parasite transmission.

Practical lessons for phone-based assessments of learning.

School closures affecting more than 1.5 billion children are designed to prevent the spread of current public health risks from the COVID-19 pandemic, but they simultaneously introduce new short-term and long-term health risks through lost education. Measuring these effects in real time is critical to inform effective public health responses, and remote phone-based approaches are one of the only viable options with extreme social distancing in place.

The First Detection of Human Bocavirus Species 2 and 3 in Raw Sewage and Mussels in South Africa.

Human bocavirus (HBoV) has a global distribution and is associated with respiratory and enteric infections, particularly in the paediatric population. In this study, raw sewage and mussel samples were analysed for the presence of HBoV using nested PCR with primers targeting the VP1/VP2 junction. Amplification and sequencing of the 382 bp region followed by phylogenetic analysis indicated the presence of HBoV 2 in mussel samples and HBoV 3 in sewage samples.

Genome Analysis of A Novel South African Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV-SA) with Resistance-Breaking Potential.

The complete genome of an endemic South African Cydia pomonella granulovirus isolate was sequenced and analyzed. Several missing or truncated open reading frames (ORFs) were identified, including a 24 bp deletion in the pe38 gene which is reported to be associated with type I resistance-breaking potential. Comparison of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with five other fully sequenced CpGV isolates identified 67 unique events, 47 of which occurred within ORFs, leading to several amino acid changes.

Literacy acquisition in multilingual educational contexts: Evidence from Coastal Kenya.

Literacy is a powerful tool against poverty, leading to further education and vocational success. In sub-Saharan Africa, schoolchildren commonly learn in two languages-African and European. Multiple early literacy skills (including phonological awareness and receptive language) support literacy acquisition, but this has yet to be empirically tested in sub-Saharan Africa, where learning contexts are highly multilingual, and children are often learning to read in a language they do not speak at home.

New Method for Differentiation of Granuloviruses (Betabaculoviruses) Based on Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (Real-Time PCR).

is a highly diverse family of rod-shaped viruses with double-stranded DNA. To date, almost 100 species have had their complete genomic sequences deposited in the GenBank database, a quarter of which comprises granuloviruses (GVs). Many of the genomes are sequenced using next-generation sequencing, which is currently considered the best method for characterizing new species, but it is time-consuming and expensive.

The First Molecular Detection of Aichi Virus 1 in Raw Sewage and Mussels Collected in South Africa.

Aichi virus 1 (AiV-1) has a worldwide distribution and is associated with gastroenteritis in humans. In this study, raw sewage and mussel samples were analyzed for the presence of AiV-1 using reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). Amplification and sequencing of the 3CD and VP1 genomic regions followed by phylogenetic analysis using selected genome sequences revealed the presence of AiV-1, genotype B.

Morphological, genetic and biological characterisation of a novel alphabaculovirus isolated from Cryptophlebia peltastica (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae).

Cryptophlebia peltastica is an agricultural pest of litchis and macadamias in South Africa with phytosanitary status for certain markets. Current control methods rely on chemical, cultural and classical biological control. However, a microbial control option has not been developed.

Genome Analysis and Genetic Stability of the Cryptophlebia leucotreta Granulovirus (CrleGV-SA) after 15 Years of Commercial Use as a Biopesticide.

Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is an indigenous pest in southern Africa which attacks citrus fruits and other crops. To control in South Africa, an integrated pest management (IPM) programme incorporating the baculovirus granulovirus (CrleGV-SA) as a biopesticide has been implemented. This study investigated the genetic stability of a commercially produced CrleGV-SA product that has been applied in the field since 2000.

Impact of a malaria intervention package in schools on infection, anaemia and cognitive function in schoolchildren in Mali: a pragmatic cluster-randomised trial.

Background: School-aged children are rarely targeted by malaria control programmes, yet the prevalence of infection in primary school children often exceeds that seen in younger children and could affect haemoglobin concentration and school performance.

Methods: A cluster-randomised trial was carried out in 80 primary schools in southern Mali to evaluate the impact of a school-based malaria intervention package. Intervention schools received two interventions sequentially: (1) teacher-led participatory malaria prevention education, combined with distribution of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs), followed 7 months later at the end of the transmission season by (2) mass delivery of artesunate and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine administered by teachers, termed intermittent parasite clearance in schools (IPCs).

Reading and Phonological Awareness in Africa.

Literacy levels in Africa are low, and school instruction outcomes are not promising. Africa also has a disproportionate number of unschooled children. Phonological awareness (PA), especially phoneme awareness, is critically associated with literacy, but there is little evidence about whether PA is gained through literacy, schooling, or both, because most children studied are in education and can read at least letters.

The comparative analysis of complete genome sequences from two South African betabaculoviruses: Phthorimaea operculella granulovirus and Plutella xylostella granulovirus.

The complete genomes of two novel South African betabaculovirus isolates, namely Phthorimaea operculella granulovirus (PhopGV-SA) and Plutella xylostella granulovirus (PlxyGV-SA), were sequenced and compared to the respective reference isolates PhopGV-1346 and PlxyGV-K1. For both isolates, the genome size and guanine-cytosine (GC) content were similar to those of the respective reference genomes. However, numerous-single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and several insertions/deletions were observed, revealing the novelty of the isolates.

Leadership and learning disability nursing.

Leadership is seen as critical for the transformation of learning disability services and has been further emphasised since the publication of Transforming Care, the Department of Health's response to the review of events at Winterbourne View. What is clear within learning disability nursing and services is the demand for leadership in the quest for improving the quality and effectiveness of services across health and social care. This article discusses the challenges for the undergraduate learning disability nurse with the recommendation to pursue a framework that promotes and focuses on integrating knowledge transfer into services for people with a learning disability.

The isolation and genetic characterisation of a South African strain of Phthorimaea operculella granulovirus, PhopGV-SA.

The Phthorimaea operculella granulovirus (PhopGV) is considered a promising biopesticide that can be incorporated into integrated pest management programmes for sustainable control of the potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), a major pest of solanaceous crops in sub-tropical and tropical regions worldwide. Several PhopGV isolates recovered from geographically different insect populations have been genetically characterised, and the full genome of the Tunisian PhopGV-1346 isolate has been sequenced, providing a reference strain for comparison of novel isolates. Here we report the identification and genetic characterisation of a South African PhopGV isolate recovered from a P.

Impact of intermittent screening and treatment for malaria among school children in Kenya: a cluster randomised trial.

Background: Improving the health of school-aged children can yield substantial benefits for cognitive development and educational achievement. However, there is limited experimental evidence of the benefits of alternative school-based malaria interventions or how the impacts of interventions vary according to intensity of malaria transmission. We investigated the effect of intermittent screening and treatment (IST) for malaria on the health and education of school children in an area of low to moderate malaria transmission.

Early childhood malaria prevention and children's patterns of school leaving in the Gambia.

Background: Early childhood malaria is often fatal, but its impact on the development and education of survivors has not received much attention. Malaria impacts cognitive development in a number of ways that may impact later educational participation.

Aims: In this study, we examine the long-term educational effects of preventing early childhood malaria.