Feeding tube practices and the colonisation of the preterm stomach in the first week of life.

Introduction: We aimed to determine if changing nasogastric feeding tubes more often would impact colonisation of the upper gastrointestinal tract of the premature infant.

Methods: We included 22 neonates born less-than 32 weeks gestation within 48 hours after birth. The neonates were randomised to have their feeding tubes changed on day seven or daily during the first week of life.

A Signature of Exaggerated Adipose Tissue Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Is Linked to Low Plasma Adiponectin and Increased Transcriptional Activation of Proteasomal Degradation in Muscle.

Insulin resistance in skeletal muscle in type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by more pronounced metabolic and molecular defects than in obesity . There is increasing evidence that adipose tissue dysfunction contributes to obesity-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. Here, we used an unbiased approach to examine if adipose tissue dysfunction is exaggerated in T2D and linked to diabetes-related mechanisms of insulin resistance in skeletal muscle.

COVID-19 policies in Germany and their social, political, and psychological consequences.

Many policy analyses on COVID-19 have been focusing on what kind of policies are implemented to contain the spread of COVID-19. What seems equally important to explore are the social and political consequences of the confinement policies. Does the public support strict confinement policies? What are the social, political, and psychological consequences of the confinement policies? The question of how legitimate a policy is among the public is at the core of democratic theory.

Gut colonization in preterm infants supplemented with bovine colostrum in the first week of life: An explorative pilot study.

Background: In the first weeks after birth, enteral feeding and bacterial colonization interact to influence gut maturation in preterm infants. Bovine colostrum (BC) has been suggested as a relevant supplementary diet when own mother's milk (MM) is insufficient or absent. This pilot trial tests whether the supplement type, BC or donor human milk (DM), affects gut colonization in preterm infants during the first week of life.

Incidence and risk of necrotizing enterocolitis in Denmark from 1994-2014.

Introduction: We suspected that the incidence of NEC in Denmark had increased during the last 20 years but hypothesized that this could be explained by the increased neonatal survival.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective, observational cohort study of all registered liveborn infants in Denmark in the period from January 1, 1994 to December 31, 2014. Data were obtained from the Medical Birth Registry, National Patient Register, and Cause of Death register in Denmark.

Behavioural and neurodevelopmental impairment at school age following necrotising enterocolitis in the newborn period.

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate long-term behavioural and neurodevelopmental complications of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis at school age.

Method: This was a historic cohort study comparing all surviving children born in Denmark between 1st of January 2002 and 31st of December 2011 with a diagnosis of necrotizing enterocolitis to a group of children without necrotizing enterocolitis, but same gestational age, birth weight and year of birth. Outcomes were investigated through a parental questionnaire.

Local Structure and Bonding of Carbon Nanothreads Probed by High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy.

Carbon nanothreads are a new one-dimensional sp-bonded nanomaterial of CH stoichiometry synthesized from benzene at high pressure and room temperature by slow solid-state polymerization. The resulting threads assume crystalline packing hundreds of micrometers across. We show high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM) images of hexagonal arrays of well-aligned thread columns that traverse the 80-100 nm thickness of the prepared sample.

Gastrointestinal sequelae and growth impairment at school age following necrotising enterocolitis in the newborn period.

Aim: To evaluate gastrointestinal sequelae and growth impairment at school age in children who suffered from necrotising enterocolitis (NEC).

Methods: This historic cohort study compared all surviving children born in Denmark between 1 January 2002 and 31 December 2011 with NEC in the newborn period, to surviving children without NEC, but same gestational age, birthweight and year of birth. Outcomes were investigated through a parental questionnaire, including gastrointestinal and growth-related outcomes.

Staging of necrotising enterocolitis by Bell's criteria is supported by a statistical pattern analysis of clinical and radiological variables.

Aim: Necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) is often staged according to Bell's 1978 system, but today's NEC cases are more immature than the ones that were used to develop Bell's stages. Our aim was to explore the clinical and radiographic findings of contemporary cases of NEC and spontaneous intestinal perforation.

Methods: We coded the clinical records of all cases of NEC stages I-III and spontaneous intestinal perforation born in 2006-2015 at the tertiary department of neonatology at Rigshospitalet, Denmark, for 16 clinical and radiographic symptoms and signs at disease onset and at climax.

The Chemical Structure of Carbon Nanothreads Analyzed by Advanced Solid-State NMR.

Carbon nanothreads are a new type of one-dimensional sp-carbon nanomaterial formed by slow compression and decompression of benzene. We report characterization of the chemical structure of C-enriched nanothreads by advanced quantitative, selective, and two-dimensional solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments complemented by infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The width of the NMR spectral peaks suggests that the nanothread reaction products are much more organized than amorphous carbon.

Carbon Nitride Nanothread Crystals Derived from Pyridine.

Carbon nanothreads are a new one-dimensional sp carbon nanomaterial. They assemble into hexagonal crystals in a room temperature, nontopochemical solid-state reaction induced by slow compression of benzene to 23 GPa. Here we show that pyridine also reacts under compression to form a well-ordered sp product: CNH carbon nitride nanothreads.

Tetracyanomethane under Pressure: Extended CN Polymers from Precursors with Built-in sp Centers.

Tetracyanomethane, C(CN), is a tetrahedral molecule containing a central sp carbon that is coordinated by reactive nitrile groups that could potentially transform to an extended CN network with a significant fraction of sp carbon. High-purity C(CN) was synthesized, and its physiochemical behavior was studied using in situ synchrotron angle-dispersive powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and Raman and infrared (IR) spectroscopies in a diamond anvil cell (DAC) up to 21 GPa. The pressure dependence of the fundamental vibrational modes associated with the molecular solid was determined, and some low-frequency Raman modes are reported for the first time.

Add-on perampanel and aggressive behaviour in severe drug-resistant focal epilepsies.

This study aimed to investigate the incidence of aggressiveness in patients with severe drug-refractory focal epilepsy (DRE) who started perampanel (PER) as add-on treatment, and to identify possible predisposing factors. Data on 49 consecutive patients with severe DRE who initiated PER were retrospectively collected. Twelve of the 49 patients experienced aggressiveness as adverse event related to PER treatment, one third of them on low (2-4 mg/day) PER dosages.

Bovine Colostrum for Preterm Infants in the First Days of Life: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial.

Objectives: Mother's own milk (MM) is the best nutrition for newborn preterm infants, but is often limited in supply just after birth. Pasteurized human donor milk (DM), and especially preterm infant formula (IF) are less optimal diets than MM. We hypothesized that it is feasible to use bovine colostrum (BC), the first milk from cows, as a supplement to MM, during the first weeks after preterm birth.

Compressed glassy carbon: An ultrastrong and elastic interpenetrating graphene network.

Carbon's unique ability to have both sp and sp bonding states gives rise to a range of physical attributes, including excellent mechanical and electrical properties. We show that a series of lightweight, ultrastrong, hard, elastic, and conductive carbons are recovered after compressing sp-hybridized glassy carbon at various temperatures. Compression induces the local buckling of graphene sheets through sp nodes to form interpenetrating graphene networks with long-range disorder and short-range order on the nanometer scale.

Necrotizing enterocolitis - classification and two initial steps towards prevention.

The premature infant suffers from immaturity of all organ systems, one of them being the gastrointestinal tract. When the infant is born, the immature gastrointestinal tract is exposed to milk and simultaneously colonized by high densities of bacteria. The combination of milk, microbiota and an immature gut, leaves the infant vulnerable to developing the dreaded intestinal emergency necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC).

A Stepwise, Pilot Study of Bovine Colostrum to Supplement the First Enteral Feeding in Preterm Infants (Precolos): Study Protocol and Initial Results.

Study Protocol: The optimal feeding for preterm infants during the first weeks is still debated, especially when mother's own milk is lacking or limited. Intact bovine colostrum (BC) contains high amounts of protein, growth factors, and immuno-regulatory components that may benefit protein intake and gut maturation. We designed a pilot study to investigate the feasibility and tolerability of BC as the first nutrition for preterm infants.

Feeding premature neonates: Kinship and species in translational neonatology.

Kinship, understood as biogenetic proximity, between a chosen animal model and a human patient counterpart, is considered essential to the process of 'translating' research from the experimental animal laboratory to the human clinic. In the Danish research centre, NEOMUNE, premature piglets are fed a novel milk diet (bovine colostrum) to model the effects of this new diet in premature infants. Our ethnographic fieldwork in an experimental pig laboratory and a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in 2013-2014 shows that regardless of biogenetics, daily practices of feeding, housing, and clinical care hold the potential for stimulating and eroding kinship relations between human and nonhuman actors.

Surgical findings during exploratory laparotomy are closely related to mortality in premature infants with necrotising enterocolitis.

Aim: This study investigated whether a correlation existed between surgical findings during the first laparotomy for necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) and death and, or, disease progression.

Methods: We included infants admitted within one day of birth to our tertiary neonatal department at Rigshospitalet, Denmark, from 2006 to 2015, who underwent a laparotomy for acute NEC. They were classified according to the locality and extent of intestinal necrosis by a paediatric surgeon, based on the surgical findings.

Synthesis of Bulk BC8 Silicon Allotrope by Direct Transformation and Reduced-Pressure Chemical Pathways.

Phase-pure samples of a metastable allotrope of silicon, Si-III or BC8, were synthesized by direct elemental transformation at 14 GPa and ∼900 K and also at significantly reduced pressure in the Na-Si system at 9.5 GPa by quenching from high temperatures ∼1000 K. Pure sintered polycrystalline ingots with dimensions ranging from 0.

Poor validity of the routine diagnosis of necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants at discharge.

Aim: Necrotising enterocolitis contributes considerably to the mortality of preterm infants, but most questions remain unsolved after decades of extensive research. This Danish study investigated the validity of necrotising enterocolitis diagnoses at discharge according to Bell's staging system.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective single-centre cohort study of 714 preterm infants with a gestational age of less than 30 weeks born in 2006-2013.

Perampanel as add-on treatment in refractory focal epilepsy. The Dianalund experience.

Background: Perampanel (PER) is an antagonist of AMPA receptors that has been approved for adjunctive treatment of partial-onset seizures.

Aims: To evaluate effectiveness and safety of PER as add-on treatment in patients with severely refractory focal epilepsy.

Methods: PER was introduced as add-on treatment in 22 consecutive patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy.