A backpack-based myeloid cell therapy for multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an incurable autoimmune disease and is currently treated by systemic immunosuppressants with off-target side effects. Although aberrant myeloid function is often observed in MS plaques in the central nervous system (CNS), the role of myeloid cells in therapeutic intervention is currently overlooked. Here, we developed a myeloid cell-based strategy to reduce the disease burden in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of progressive MS.

Phenotypic and molecular evolution across 10,000 generations in laboratory budding yeast populations.

Laboratory experimental evolution provides a window into the details of the evolutionary process. To investigate the consequences of long-term adaptation, we evolved 205 populations (124 haploid and 81 diploid) for ~10,000,000 generations in three environments. We measured the dynamics of fitness changes over time, finding repeatable patterns of declining adaptability.