[Comparative morbidity for different accesses in percutaneous nephrolithotripsy].

Background: Over the last decades percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL) has been developed as an alternative for open renal operations in the treatment of complex renal stones. Currently, different approaches are used for the collecting system.

Objectives: To estimate the overall morbidity of different approaches to the collecting system during PCNL; to compare the complication rates for PCNL through the upper pole of the kidney with lower pole access and multiple access approaches.

Ureteral stents: morbidity and impact on quality of life.

Background: Stents offer a simple and effective drainage method for the upper urinary tract. However, ureteral stents are associated with frequent side effects, including irritative voiding symptoms and hematuria.

Objectives: To determine the side effects associated with ureteral stents and their impact on sexual function and quality of life.

[Molecular markers for transitional cell carcinoma of bladder].

Superficial transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) has significant rates of recurrence and progression, therefore accurate urinary makers for early diagnosis and follow-up are essential. Urine cytology is the oldest marker, constantly used clinically and considered the "gold standard". In this review we will summarize the properties of different molecular markers for TCC and their yield compared to cytology.

Local anesthesia for prostate biopsy by periprostatic lidocaine injection: a double-blind placebo controlled study.

Purpose: We determined the efficacy of anesthesia for prostate biopsy by periprostatic lidocaine injection.

Materials And Methods: A total of 90 consecutive patients undergoing prostate biopsies were randomized into lidocaine and placebo groups of 45 each in double-blind fashion. A 5 ml.