Brain distribution of cytokine mRNA induced by systemic administration of interleukin-1beta or tumor necrosis factor alpha.

Brain cytokine mRNA levels are impacted by systemic cytokines. For example, systemic interleukin-1beta (IL1beta) increases brain IL1beta mRNA; subdiaphragmatic vagotomy blocks this effect. To localize which brain regions respond to intraperitoneal cytokines, we measured mRNA levels in selected brain regions for a variety of cytokines and growth factors, IL1beta, TNFalpha, interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL10), nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF).

Sleep deprivation increases the activation of nuclear factor kappa B in lateral hypothalamic cells.

Sleep deprivation increases sleep propensity in rats and mice as well as the production of several sleep-regulatory substances. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) is a transcription factor implicated in the activation of many of these sleep-promoting substances. A unique population of neurons immunoreactive for the p65 subunit of NF-kappa B was previously localized within the caudal dorsolateral hypothalamus of rats.