Survey Methodology for Data Collection and Analysis in Nutrition and Dietetics Research.

This article is part of a series of articles in the Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics exploring the importance of research design, epidemiological methods, and statistical analysis as applied to nutrition and dietetics research. The purpose of this ongoing statistical portfolio is to assist registered dietitian nutritionists and nutrition and dietetic technicians, registered with interpreting nutrition research and applying scientific principles to produce high-quality data analysis. A survey is a systematic method for collecting reportable information on a topic of interest.

The Use of Patient Simulations to Teach and Assess Clinical Competencies in Colleges of Podiatric Medicine: A Survey of US Podiatric Medical Schools.

Human and mechanical simulations are used to teach and assess clinical competencies in medical education. In 2014, the National Board of Podiatric Medical Examiners implemented the Clinical Skills Patient Encounter, an examination using standardized patients. Similar clinical skills examinations already existed as part of medical and osteopathic licensure examinations.

Management of Hyperphosphatemia in End-Stage Renal Disease: A New Paradigm.

Bone and mineral metabolism becomes dysregulated with progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD), and increasing levels of parathyroid hormone serve as an adaptive response to maintain normal phosphorus and calcium levels. In end-stage renal disease, this response becomes maladaptive and high levels of phosphorus may occur. We summarize strategies to control hyperphosphatemia based on a systematic literature review of clinical trial and real-world observational data on phosphorus control in hemodialysis patients with CKD-mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD).

Overview of the 2017 KDIGO CKD-MBD Update: Practice Implications for Adult Hemodialysis Patients.

Renal dietitians play a pivotal role in the ongoing management of chronic kidney disease in patients on hemodialysis. Awareness of changes to clinical practice guidelines that may impact laboratory parameters associated with chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder is important for optimal patient care. In this article, the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes 2017 Clinical Practice Guideline Update recommendations related to the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in adults on hemodialysis are reviewed and treatment implications for renal dietitians discussed.

Strategies to promote adherence to nutritional advice in patients with chronic kidney disease: a narrative review and commentary.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) requires extensive changes to food and lifestyle. Poor adherence to diet, medications, and treatments has been estimated to vary between 20% and 70%, which in turn can contribute to increased mortality and morbidity. Delivering effective nutritional advice in patients with CKD coordinates multiple diet components including calories, protein, sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, and fluid.

The role of calcium in human aging.

Calcium is an essential nutrient that is necessary for many functions in human health. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body with 99% found in teeth and bone. Only 1% is found in serum.

A Review of Dietary Intake Studies in Maintenance Dialysis Patients.

Protein-energy wasting affects many maintenance dialysis patients (MDPs) and decreases survival. Suboptimal dietary energy intake (DEI) and dietary protein intake (DPI), secondary to reduced dietary intake (DI), are important risk factors in the development of protein-energy wasting. Multiple investigations of DEI and DPI in MDPs have occurred but few authors have synthesized these data.

Medical nutrition therapy in adults with chronic kidney disease: integrating evidence and consensus into practice for the generalist registered dietitian nutritionist.

Chronic kidney disease is classified in stages 1 to 5 by the National Kidney Foundation's Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative depending on the level of renal function by glomerular filtration rate and, more recently, using further categorization depending on the level of glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria by the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes initiative. Registered dietitian nutritionists can be reimbursed for medical nutrition therapy in chronic kidney disease stages 3 to 4 for specific clients under Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services coverage. This predialysis medical nutrition therapy counseling has been shown to both potentially delay progression to stage 5 (renal replacement therapy) and decrease first-year mortality after initiation of hemodialysis.

Selected nutrition practices of women on hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis: observations from the NKF-CRN Second National Research Question Collaborative Study.

Objective: The objective of this study was to report selected nutrition behavior practices (type and amount of fat, fiber, and beverage intake) collected by self-administered validated food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) as part of the 1998 to 1999 NKF-CRN Second National Research Question Collaborative Study Group.

Design And Methods: This study was conducted on a prospective randomized cohort of 264 adult women 18 years of age or older that were on hemodialysis (HD) or peritoneal dialysis for more than 3 months and were receiving treatment in 116 U.S.

Comparison of dietary intake among women on maintenance dialysis to a Women's Health Initiative cohort: results from the NKF-CRN Second National Research Question Collaborative Study.

Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the characteristics and dietary intake of Second National Research Question (SNRQ) participants to the Women's Health Initiative-Dietary Modification (WHI-DM) Trial group and to compare the dietary intake of both groups to relevant reference norms.

Design: The study design was a secondary analysis of data collected from the SNRQ and from the WHI-DM Trial.

Subjects: SNRQ participants were adult women on dialysis (n = 248) from U.

Improving first-year mortality in patients on dialysis: a focus on nutrition and exercise.

Early mortality is a significant concern for patients initiating dialysis. Nutrition and exercise are two factors that affect mortality rates that can be significantly influenced by a successful partnership between the healthcare team and the patient. This article provides an overview of current data on the importance of appropriate nutritional and exercise regimens for patients initiating dialysis, as well as tips for how nurses and other members of the healthcare team can work to incrementally improve these components of care.

Roles of calcium-sensing receptor and vitamin d receptor in the pathophysiology of secondary hyperparathyroidism.

The calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) and the vitamin D receptor (VDR) play key roles in calcium homeostasis. The CaR regulates the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in response to changes in extracellular calcium, whereas the VDR mediates the effects of calcitriol, the active metabolite of vitamin D. The development of secondary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) is a common complication of chronic kidney disease.

So just what can I eat? Nutritional care in patients with diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease.

The balance of nutrition in patients with diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease is essential to optimum health outcomes. Multiple nutritional parameters need to be monitored, including energy balance, protein intake (type and amount), mineral control (sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus), fluid requirements, and coordination of carbohydrates, to achieve glycemic control in diabetes mellitus. The nephrology nurse benefits by understanding the multiple nutrition parameters required in diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease to participate and reinforce the complexities of the daily nutritional challenges in coordination with a registered dietitian.

An introduction to qualitative research for food and nutrition professionals.

The purpose of this article is to define qualitative research, explain its design, explore its congruence with quantitative research, and provide examples of its applications in dietetics. Also, methods to ensure validity, reliability, and relevance are addressed. Readers will gain increased knowledge about qualitative research and greater competency in evaluating this type of research.

Body weight estimation in chronic kidney disease: results of a practitioner survey.

Purpose: To survey the body weight estimation practices of renal dietitians in the United States in preparation for the Council on Renal Nutrition of the National Kidney Foundation symposium addressing this topic.

Objectives: To obtain quantitative and qualitative data on body weight estimation clinical practices of renal dietitians through the use of a forced-choice and open-ended survey format, and to assess the impact of the variation of body weight estimation practices on the determination of caloric, protein, and other nutritional parameters for different chronic kidney disease stages 1-5.

Methods: A survey was developed by one renal dietitian with input from a cohort of 12 nationally representative renal dietitians.

Nutrition interventions to address cardiovascular outcomes in chronic kidney disease.

The high mortality in chronic kidney disease has been linked to cardiovascular risk and these patients are considered at high risk. Dietary intervention can directly address nutritional risk factors in lipid management, calcium-phorphorus balance, and body composition to reduce risk of cardiovascular disease. Nutrient intake can also indirectly address less overt risks of dental health, nutritional supplements, and compliance issues.

Medical nutrition therapy in chronic kidney failure: integrating clinical practice guidelines.

This review updates earlier published recommendations and integrates current clinical practice guidelines for nutritional care in chronic kidney disease as recommended by the National Kidney Foundation Kidney Dialysis Outcome Quality Initiative (K/DOQI). The scope covers chronic kidney disease in adults prior to kidney failure (Stages 1-4), chronic kidney failure with hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis replacement therapy (Stage 5), and management after kidney transplantation. Multiple diet parameters are necessary to provide optimal nutritional health, including monitoring of calories, protein, sodium, fluid, potassium, calcium, and phosphorus, as well as other individualized nutrients.