Environmental conditions modulate the effect of epigenetic factors controlling the response of to .

The resistance of to clubroot, a major disease of Brassicaceae caused by the obligate protist , is controlled in part by epigenetic factors. The detection of some of these epigenetic quantitative trait loci (QTL) has been shown to depend on experimental conditions. The aim of the present study was to assess whether and how temperature and/or soil water availability influenced both the detection and the extent of the effect of response QTL.

Two adjacent NLR genes conferring quantitative resistance to clubroot disease in Arabidopsis are regulated by a stably inherited epiallelic variation.

Clubroot caused by the protist Plasmodiophora brassicae is a major disease affecting cultivated Brassicaceae. Using a combination of quantitative trait locus (QTL) fine mapping, CRISPR-Cas9 validation, and extensive analyses of DNA sequence and methylation patterns, we revealed that the two adjacent neighboring NLR (nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat) genes AT5G47260 and AT5G47280 cooperate in controlling broad-spectrum quantitative partial resistance to the root pathogen P. brassicae in Arabidopsis and that they are epigenetically regulated.

Clubroot Symptoms and Resting Spore Production in a Doubled Haploid Population of Oilseed Rape () Are Controlled by Four Main QTLs.

Clubroot, caused by Woronin, is one of the most important diseases of oilseed rape ( L.). The rapid erosion of monogenic resistance in clubroot-resistant (CR) varieties underscores the need to diversify resistance sources controlling disease severity and traits related to pathogen fitness, such as resting spore production.

Quantitative resistance to clubroot infection mediated by transgenerational epigenetic variation in Arabidopsis.

Quantitative disease resistance, often influenced by environmental factors, is thought to be the result of DNA sequence variants segregating at multiple loci. However, heritable differences in DNA methylation, so-called transgenerational epigenetic variants, also could contribute to quantitative traits. Here, we tested this possibility using the well-characterized quantitative resistance of Arabidopsis to clubroot, a Brassica major disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae.

Clubroot resistance QTL are modulated by nitrogen input in Brassica napus.

Nitrogen levels can modulate the effectiveness of clubroot resistance in an isolate- and host-specific manner. While the same QTL were detected under high and low nitrogen, their effects were altered. Clubroot, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, is one of the most damaging diseases of oilseed rape and is known to be affected by nitrogen fertilization.

Hypoxia response in Arabidopsis roots infected by Plasmodiophora brassicae supports the development of clubroot.

Background: The induction of alcohol fermentation in roots is a plant adaptive response to flooding stress and oxygen deprivation. Available transcriptomic data suggest that fermentation-related genes are also frequently induced in roots infected with gall forming pathogens, but the biological significance of this induction is unclear. In this study, we addressed the role of hypoxia responses in Arabidopsis roots during infection by the clubroot agent Plasmodiophora brassicae.

New insights into the Mo/Cu(In,Ga)Se interface in thin film solar cells: Formation and properties of the MoSe interfacial layer.

Being at the origin of an ohmic contact, the MoSe interfacial layer at the Mo/Cu(In,Ga)Se interface in CIGS (Cu(In,Ga)Se and related compounds) based solar cells has allowed for very high light-to-electricity conversion efficiencies up to 22.3%. This article gives new insights into the formation and the structural properties of this interfacial layer.

Both the Jasmonic Acid and the Salicylic Acid Pathways Contribute to Resistance to the Biotrophic Clubroot Agent Plasmodiophora brassicae in Arabidopsis.

The role of salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling in resistance to root pathogens has been poorly documented. We assessed the contribution of SA and JA to basal and partial resistance of Arabidopsis to the biotrophic clubroot agent Plasmodiophora brassicae. SA and JA levels as well as the expression of the SA-responsive genes PR2 and PR5 and the JA-responsive genes ARGAH2 and THI2.

Camalexin contributes to the partial resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana to the biotrophic soilborne protist Plasmodiophora brassicae.

Camalexin has been reported to play defensive functions against several pathogens in Arabidopsis. In this study, we investigated the possible role of camalexin accumulation in two Arabidopsis genotypes with different levels of basal resistance to the compatible eH strain of the clubroot agent Plasmodiophora brassicae. Camalexin biosynthesis was induced in infected roots of both Col-0 (susceptible) and Bur-0 (partially resistant) accessions during the secondary phase of infection.

Partial resistance to clubroot in Arabidopsis is based on changes in the host primary metabolism and targeted cell division and expansion capacity.

To date, studies of the molecular basis of disease resistance mainly focused on qualitative resistance. However, deciphering mechanisms underlying quantitative resistance could lead to insights into the relationship between qualitative and quantitative resistance and guide the utilization of these two types of resistance to produce durably resistant cultivars. A functional genomics approach, using the CATMA whole-genome microarray, was used to detect changes in gene expression associated with partial quantitative resistance in the Arabidopsis thaliana-Plasmodiophora brassicae pathosystem.

The induction of mycotoxins by trichothecene producing Fusarium species.

In recent years, many Fusarium species have emerged which now threaten the productivity and safety of small grain cereal crops worldwide. During floral infection and post-harvest on stored grains the Fusarium hyphae produce various types of harmful mycotoxins which subsequently contaminate food and feed products. This article focuses specifically on the induction and production of the type B sesquiterpenoid trichothecene mycotoxins.

Genetic and physiological analysis of the relationship between partial resistance to clubroot and tolerance to trehalose in Arabidopsis thaliana.

In Arabidopsis thaliana the induction of plant trehalase during clubroot disease was proposed to act as a defense mechanism in the susceptible accession Col-0, which could thereby cope with the accumulation of pathogen-synthesized trehalose. In the present study, we assessed trehalose activity and tolerance to trehalose in the clubroot partially resistant accession Bur-0. We compared both accessions for several trehalose-related physiological traits during clubroot infection.

Identification of quantitative trait loci controlling partial clubroot resistance in new mapping populations of Arabidopsis thaliana.

To date, mechanisms of partial quantitative resistance, under polygenic control, remain poorly understood, studies of the molecular basis of disease resistance have mainly focused on qualitative variation under oligogenic control. However, oligogenic conferred resistance is rapidly overcome by the pathogen and knowledge of the relationship between qualitative and quantitative resistance is necessary to develop durably resistant cultivars. In this study, we exploited the Arabidopsis thaliana-Plasmodiophora brassicae pathosystem to decipher the genetic architecture determining partial resistance.

Differential regulation of root arginine catabolism and polyamine metabolism in clubroot-susceptible and partially resistant Arabidopsis genotypes.

The hypertrophy and hyperplasia of infected roots into clubs are the intrinsic characteristics of clubroot, one of the economically most important diseases in Brassica crops worldwide. Polyamines, arginine (Arg)-derived metabolites, have long been recognized as cell proliferation and differentiation regulators in plants and consequently are suitable candidates for potential gall development factors. Furthermore, Arg catabolism, through arginase, which is strongly connected to polyamine metabolism, would play an important role in response to wound trauma and pathogen infection.

Attempts to induce homoeologous pairing between wheat and Agropyron cristatum genomes.

Agropyron cristatum (2n = 4x = 28, PPPP) possesses potentially valuable traits that could be used in wheat (Triticum aestivum) improvement through interspecific hybridization. Homoeologous pairing between wheat chromosomes and P chromosomes added to wheat in a set of wheat - A. cristatum addition lines was assessed.