Canine laparoscopic ovariectomy using two 3- and 5-mm portal sites: A prospective randomized clinical trial.

Laparoscopic ovariectomy (LapOve) was performed in 3 groups (2.7-mm/5-mm, 5-mm/3-mm, and 5-mm telescope/5-mm bipolar forceps) of small dogs ( = 60). Surgical times, bleeding rates, complications, and laparoscopic visualization were recorded and compared among groups.