Bioavailability study of OTA, ZEN, and AFB1 along with bioactive compounds from tiger nut beverage and its by-products.

Mycotoxins pose significant health risks due to their prevalence in food products and severe health implications, including carcinogenicity. This study investigates the bioavailability of mycotoxins aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OTA), and zearalenone (ZEN) individually and combined, in the presence of identified polyphenols from tiger nut beverage (TNB) and tiger nut by-product (TNBP) using the in vitro model Caco-2 cells, which simulates the human intestinal barrier. The objective is to understand how bioactive compounds from TNBP can mitigate the effects of AFB1, OTA and ZEN (and their combination) by bioavailability interference, contributing to safer food products and innovative food safety strategies.

Hazard assessment of fenozan, a released non-intentionally added substance from polyester-based can coating.

Since the safety of new-generation polyester-based internal coatings regarding the migration of non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) is poorly documented, studies are needed to identify NIAS originating from these food-contact materials (FCM). The aim of this study was to identify volatile and semi-volatile NIAS from polyester-based coatings in order to assess their hazard and ensure consumers' safety with regard to exposure from canned food. Extraction and migration tests were carried out on a single polyester-coated tin plate (5 batches) using two solvents: acetonitrile and ethanol 95%, then FCM's extracts and migrates were analysed by GC-MS.

Potential bioaccessibility and bioavailability of polyphenols and functional properties of tiger nut beverage and its by-product during digestion.

"Horchata de chufa" is a beverage produced from tiger nut tubers, which yields a high amount of by-product. This study explored the functional properties of the Spanish tiger nut beverage (TNB) and its by-product (TNBP) together with the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of polyphenols . TNB and TNBP were characterized for polyphenols LC/MS/MS and underwent digestion (INFOGEST).

Evaluating the combined and individual cytotoxic effect of beauvericin, enniatin B and ochratoxin a on breast cancer cells, leukemia cells, and fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

Beauvericin (BEA), Enniatin B (ENN B), and Ochratoxin A (OTA) are mycotoxins produced by fungi species. Their main effect on several organs and systems is associated with chronic exposure going from immunotoxicity, estrogenic disorders, and renal failure to cancer (in animals and humans). OTA belongs to Group 1 according to the International Agency for Research in Cancer (IARC) and it has legislated limited values; not happening for BEA nor ENN B.

Daphnia magna model for the study of mycotoxins present in food: Gliotoxin, ochratoxin A and its combination.

Mycotoxins are low molecular weight compounds present in food and feed. Although their effects on human health have been widely described, their mechanisms of action are still undefined. Gliotoxin (GTX) and ochratoxin A (OTA) are among the most dangerous mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus spp.

Study of cytotoxicity in neuroblastoma cell line exposed to patulin and citrinin.

Mycotoxins can be found in food and feed storage as well as in several kinds of foodstuff and are capable of harming mammals and some of them even in small doses. This study investigated on the undifferentiated neuronal cell line SH-SY5Y the effects of two mycotoxins: patulin (PAT) and citrinin (CTN), which are predominantly produced by fungi species Penicillium and Aspergillus. Here, the individual and combined cytotoxicity of PAT and CTN was investigated using the cytotoxic assay MTT.

Effect of Acrylamide and Mycotoxins in SH-SY5Y Cells: A Review.

Thermal processes induce the formation of undesired toxic components, such as acrylamide (AA), which has been shown to induce brain toxicity in humans and classified as Group 2A by the International Agency of Research in Cancer (IARC), as well as some mycotoxins. AA and mycotoxins' toxicity is studied in several in vitro models, including the neuroblastoma cell line model SH-SY5Y cells. Both AA and mycotoxins occur together in the same food matrix cereal base (bread, pasta, potatoes, coffee roasting, etc.

Involvement of pro-inflammatory mediators and cell cycle disruption in neuronal cells induced by gliotoxin and ochratoxin A after individual and combined exposure.

Mycotoxins such as gliotoxin (GTX) and ochratoxin A (OTA) are secondary metabolites of Aspergillus and Penicillum found in food and feed. Both mycotoxins have shown to exert a detrimental effect on neuronal activity. The following study was carried out to elucidate the mechanisms by which GTX and OTA exert their toxicity.

Perception of Food Safety Associated with Entomophagy among Higher-Education Students: Exploring Insects as a Novel Food Source.

Edible insects can diversify diets, improve livelihoods, contribute to food and nutrition security, and have a smaller ecological impact. The European Union has categorized insects as novel food, and recently, in 2021 and 2022, two species, and , were authorized for commercialization. The acceptance and perception of food risk derived from insect consumption vary depending on factors impacting insect consumption acceptability, including neophobic tendencies, gender differences, familiarity, and gastronomic perceptions.

Individual and combined effect of acrylamide, fumitremorgin C and penitrem A on human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells.

Acrylamide (AA) is a chemical compound that can be formed in certain foods during high-temperature cooking processes such as frying, baking, and roasting. Exposure to AA has been linked to several neurological effects, including peripheral neuropathy, ataxia, and impaired cognitive function. Penitrem A (PEN A) and Fumitremorgin C (FTC) are toxic mycotoxins produced by certain species of fungi, such as Penicillium Crustosum, Aspergillus Fumigatus and Neosartorya Fischeri.

Cell cycle and enzymatic activity alterations induced by ROS production in human neuroblastoma cells SH-SY5Y exposed to Fumonisin B1, Ochratoxin A and their combination.

The presence of mycotoxins such as Fumonisin B1(FB1) and Ochratoxin A (OTA) in food and feed has become a threat to human and animal health since they can produce several afflictions. Different mechanisms of action by which they exercise their cytotoxic activity have been attributed to them, including the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). For this reason, a measurement of the production of ROS species, and an evaluation of the intrinsic cell enzymatic antioxidant activity, including glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione transferase (GTS), and catalase (CAT) together with a cytotoxicity and cell cycle assay have been performed in undifferentiated SH-SY5Y cells exposed to FB1, OTA and [FB1 + OTA] after 24 h and 48 h.

Cytoprotective, Antiproliferative, and Anti-Oxidant Potential of the Hydroethanolic Extract of Leaves on Human Cancer Cell Lines Exposed to α- and β-Zearalenol.

(Bignoniaceae) is a Colombian Caribbean plant with numerous health benefits, including properties such as wound healing, immune system stimulation, and antioxidant capacity, among others. Mycotoxins alpha-zearalenol (α-ZEL) and beta-zearalenol (β-ZEL) are phase I metabolites of zearalenone, a natural product involved in endocrine disruption and cell proliferation processes. This study aimed to investigate the cytotoxic potential of the hydroethanolic extract of leaves (HEFc) and determine their protective effects against proliferation induced by α-ZEL and β-ZEL on human hepatoma HepG2, lung cancer Calu-1, and primary normal human epidermal keratinocytes, neonatal (HEKn).

Alterations in Daphnia magna exposed to enniatin B and beauvericin provide additional value as environmental indicators.

Mycotoxins beauvericin (BEA) and enniatin B (ENN B) affect negatively several systems and demand more studies as the mechanisms are still unclear. The simultaneous presence of contaminants in the environment manifests consequences of exposure for both animals and flora. Daphnia magna is considered an ideal invertebrate to detect effects of toxic compounds and environmental alterations.

Application of an In Vitro Digestion Model for Wheat and Red Beetroot Bread to Assess the Bioaccessibility of Aflatoxin B, Ochratoxin A and Zearalenone and Betalains.

Nowadays, the bakery industry includes different bioactive ingredients to enrich the nutritional properties of its products, such as betalains from red beetroot (. However, cereal products are considered a major route of exposure to many mycotoxins, both individually and in combination, due to their daily consumption, if the cereals used contain these toxins. Only the fraction of the contaminant that is released from the food is bioaccessible and bioavailable to produce toxic effects.

Biomarkers of Exposure to Zearalenone in In Vivo and In Vitro Studies.

The measurement of human exposure to mycotoxins is necessary for its association with adverse health effects. This exposure is usually estimated from contamination levels of foodstuffs, which are the primary source of toxin exposure, and data on food consumption patterns. However, variations in contamination level, intestinal absorption, toxin distribution, and excretion lead to individual variations in toxin exposure that can be more readily measured with a biomarker.

Effectiveness of beetroot extract in SH-SY5Y neuronal cell protection against Fumonisin B1, Ochratoxin A and its combination.

Fumonisin B1 (FB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) are fungal metabolites of worldwide concern because of their effect on human and animal health, as both have been classified by IARC as possible carcinogens (Group 2B). Beetroot is a source of dietary fiber, folic acid, and vitamin C, and some studies have demonstrated their antioxidant activity. Therefore, this work presents the cytoprotective effect of beetroot extract (BRE) on a neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y cells) exposed to FB1, OTA, and its combination.

Facing Food Risk Perception: Influences of Confinement by SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic in Young Population.

A new food safety level of trust in food risk perception has been noticed, as a consequence of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The pandemic made-up to review nutritional recommendations for the population, mainly for the young population. Here, the results of a designed survey for the young population, from the University of Valencia, Spain, belonging to grades in the health branch of knowledge, and in charge of carrying out the shopping task for their household, are reported.

Effects of Voghiera garlic extracts in neuronal human cell line against zearalenone's derivates and beauvericin.

The Fusarium toxins constitute one of the largest groups of mycotoxins produced by Fusarium species, which are major pathogens of cereal plants. In the present study neuroprotection effect of Allium sativum L garlic extract which is known as Voghiera garlic, from a local garlic ecotype of Ferrara (Italy) was examined on an undifferentiated SH-SY5Y neuronal cells against ZEA's metabolites (α-zearalenol (α-ZEL) and β-zearalenol (β-ZEL)) and beauvericin (BEA) mycotoxins which are considered as the most reported Fusarium mycotoxins, via MTT (3-4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay, over 24 h and 48 h through direct treatment, simultaneous treatment and pre-treatment strategies. The results demonstrated remarkable improvement in cells viability in simultaneous and pre-treatment strategy with Voghiera garlic extract (VGE); specifically, for simultaneous treatment of VGE with β-ZEL which viability increased significantly up to 56%, and subsequently with α-ZEL and BEA by up to 38% and 37% respectively, compared to each mycotoxin tested alone for their highest concentrations assayed, while direct treatments for each mycotoxins individually decreased significantly (for α-ZEL up to 69%, for β-ZEL 82% and for BEA up to 43%).

Introduction to the ' Special Issue on Evaluation of Cytotoxicity and Cytoprotection Effects of Natural Toxins.

The lifestyle associated with good nutritional quality of food is well known for its widely recognized health benefits, especially when rich in bioactive compounds [...

Protective Effects of the Hydroethanolic Extract of on Undifferentiated Human Neuroblastoma Cells Exposed to α-Zearalenol (α-ZEL) and β-Zearalenol (β-ZEL).

(Bignoniaceae) is a traditional medicinal plant. The aim of this research was to determine the protective effects of the hydroethanolic extract from the leaves (HEFc) against the cytotoxicity of zearalenone (α-ZEL) and β-ZEL on SH-SY5Y cells. Free radical scavenging activity of HEFc was evaluated using the DPPH method.

Evaluation of Mycotoxins in Infant Breast Milk and Infant Food, Reviewing the Literature Data.

In this review, an analysis focusing on mycotoxin determination in infant breast milk and infant food has been summarised for the last fifteen years of research focused on the intended population group of 1-9 months. The objective was to know the level of exposure of the child population to an estimated daily intake (EDI) of mycotoxins from the consumption of habitual foods. The EDI was compared with the tolerable daily intake (TDI) established by EFSA to estimate risk.

Emerging contaminants and priority substances in marine sediments from Cartagena Bay and the Grand Marsh of Santa Marta (Ramsar site), Colombia.

Emerging pollutants and priority substances are of growing concern due to their toxicity potential to aquatic organisms and human health. However, few reports on this issue in marine ecosystems in general and, more specifically, on the Colombian Caribbean coast are available. The aim of this study was to detect these compounds in sediments from Cartagena Bay (CB) and in the Grand Marsh of Santa Marta, GMSM (Ramsar site), in order to determine how they related to in vitro cytotoxicity assays on HepG2 cells of sediment extracts.

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Profiles of Spent Coffee Ground Extracts for the Treatment of Neurodegeneration.

Spent coffee grounds (SCGs), waste products of coffee beverage production, are rich in organic compounds such as phenols. Different studies have demonstrated phenol beneficial effects in counteracting neurodegenerative diseases. These diseases are associated with oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, which initiates the degeneration of neurons by overactivating microglia.

Study of enzymatic activity in human neuroblastoma cells SH-SY5Y exposed to zearalenone's derivates and beauvericin.

Beauvericin (BEA), α-zearalenol (α-ZEL) and β-zearalenol (β-ZEL), are produced by several Fusarium species that contaminate cereal grains. These mycotoxins can cause cytotoxicity and neurotoxicity in various cell lines and they are also capable of produce oxidative stress at molecular level. However, mammalian cells are equipped with a protective endogenous antioxidant system formed by no-enzymatic antioxidant and enzymatic protective systems such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD).