A highly resolved nuclear phylogeny uncovers strong phylogenetic conservatism and correlated evolution of fruit color and size in Solanum L.

Mutualisms between plants and fruit-eating animals were key to the radiation of angiosperms. Still, phylogenetic uncertainties limit our understanding of fleshy-fruit evolution, as in the case of Solanum, a genus with remarkable fleshy-fruit diversity, but with unresolved phylogenetic relationships. We used 1786 nuclear genes from 247 species, including 122 newly generated transcriptomes/genomes, to reconstruct the Solanum phylogeny and examine the tempo and mode of the evolution of fruit color and size.

A new species and new records of (Solanaceae) from Colombia.

We describe a new species of the Geminata clade of from Colombia and provide new distributional records for two additional species, recorded here for the first time in Colombia. J.D.

Phylogenetics and historical biogeography of Solanum section Brevantherum (Solanaceae).

Patterns of diversification in Neotropical plants have been studied intensively over the past decades. Most studies have focused on groups that migrated to and radiated into the Neotropics, however, with little focus on understanding diversification patterns in indigenous Neotropical groups. This study focuses on Solanum section Brevantherum Seithe (Solanaceae), a group of Neotropical nightshade shrubs or treelets defined mostly by terminal inflorescences with long peduncles, plurifoliate sympodial units and porrect-stellate, dendritic-echinoid, or lepidote trichomes.

Pediatric Surgery remains the only true General Surgery.

This article states that Pediatric Surgery remains probably the only remaining General Surgery because it is not about organs and systems but rather the whole Surgery from fetal life until completion of growth and maturation. Pediatric surgeons are currently involved in prenatal treatments for fetal diseases, they take in charge the surgery of congenital malformations, acquired neonatal diseases, common conditions like hernias, undescended testes and appendicitis, but also of the more complex gastrointestinal, broncho-pulmonary or genitourinary conditions, tumors, trauma and solid organ transplantation. For this, like other surgical specialists, they use open, endoscopic and minimally invasive techniques.

Current Management of Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformations: A "European Pediatric Surgeons' Association" Survey.

Aim:  To define current management of congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM).

Methods:  A total of 181 European Pediatric Surgeons' Association members (91% senior) from 48 countries completed an online questionnaire.

Main Results:  Prenatal: 93% respondents work in centers with prenatal diagnosis facilities, and 27% in centers offering in utero surgery.

European Paediatric Surgeons' Association Survey on the Management of Hirschsprung Disease.

Unlabelled:  This study aims to define patterns of Hirschsprung disease (HD) management.  An online questionnaire was sent to all European Paediatric Surgeons' Association (EUPSA) members.  A total of 294 members (61 countries) answered (response rate: 61%).

Difficulties, guidelines and review of developing an acute rejection model after rat intestinal transplantation.

Experimental small bowel transplantation (SBT) in rats has been proven to be a useful tool for the study of ischemia-reperfusion and immunological aspects related to solid organ transplantation. However, the model is not completely refined, specialized literature is scarce and complex technical details are typically omitted or confusing. Most studies related to acute rejection (AR) use the orthotopic standard, with small sample sizes due to its high mortality, whereas those studying chronic rejection (CR) use the heterotopic standard, which allows longer term survival but does not exactly reflect the human clinical scenario.

Congenital Portosystemic Shunts: Clinic Heterogeneity Requires an Individual Management of the Patient.

Introduction: Congenital portosystemic shunt (CPSS) is a rare entity without insufficiency in treatment issues. The aim of this article is to show our experience in the heterogeneity of this condition.

Material And Methods: A retrospective study of 25 CPSS in the period 1995 to 2014 was conducted.

International Survey on the Management of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia.

Aim: This study aims to define patterns in the management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH).

Methods: A total of 180 delegates (77% senior surgeons) from 44 (26 European) countries completed a survey at the 2014 European Pediatric Surgeons' Association meeting.

Results: Overall, 34% of the surgeons work in centers that treat < 5 cases of CDH/y, 38% work in centers that treat 5 to 10 cases/y, and 28% work in centers that treat > 10 cases/y.

Portal Cavernoma in the Era of Mesoportal Shunt (Rex) and Liver Transplant in Children.

Objective: The mesoportal shunt (MPS) and liver transplantation (LT) have changed the scenario of extrahepatic portal vein obstruction (EHPVO) since the MPS, the only "curative" technique, can now be offered in asymptomatic patients and also thrombotic complications of LT have increased the incidence of EHPVO.

Material And Methods: A retrospective study of patients undergoing surgery for EHPVO was conducted between 1990 and 2015. An analysis was done for the shunt permeability and clinical evolution over time.

Lung maturity in esophageal atresia: Experimental and clinical study.

Introduction: Esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula (EA-TEF) survivors suffer respiratory morbidity of unclear pathogenesis. Defective lung morphogenesis has been described in the rat model. This study examined fetal lung growth and maturity in rats and patients with EA-TEF.

Defective upper gastrointestinal function after repair of combined esophageal and duodenal atresia.

Background: Both esophageal atresia (EA) and duodenal atresia (DA) involve deficient anti-reflux barrier, poor esophageal function and eventually, duodenogastric reflux. This study aims at examining the upper gastrointestinal functional status in a cohort of patients with both EA and DA.

Methods: A retrospective survey of patients treated for EA and DA between 1965 and 2012 was conducted.

Cephalic pancreaticoduodenectomy for bleeding duodenal arteriovenous malformation.

Introduction Treatment of recurrent severe gastrointestinal bleeding due to arteriovenous malformations may require complex resections. In some particular locations, extensive surgery is the only way out, as shown in this report. Case Report A 2.

Best oxygenation index on day 1: a reliable marker for outcome and survival in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

Aim Of The Study: Severe lung hypoplasia and persistent pulmonary hypertension are the main determining factors of survival in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). The oxygenation index (ratio of delivered oxygen and its arterial level) closely reflects lung function. Single-institution studies have reported that best oxygenation index on day 1 of life (BOI-d1) is the most reliable postnatal predictor of survival in CDH.

Chylothorax and chylous ascites: management and pitfalls.

Leakage of lymph from the lymphatic ducts causes chylothorax (CT) or chylous ascitis (CA). This may happen for unknown reasons during fetal life or after birth and may also be caused by trauma after thoracic surgery or by other conditions. Fetal CT and CA may be lethal particularly in cases with fetal hydrops that sometimes benefit of intra-uterine instrumentation.

First human systemic infection caused by Spiroplasma.

Spiroplasma species are organisms that normally colonize plants and insects. We describe the first case of human systemic infection caused by Spiroplasma bacteria in a patient with hypogammaglobulinemia undergoing treatment with biological disease-modifying antirheumatic agents. Spiroplasma turonicum was identified through molecular methods in several blood cultures.

International survey on the management of necrotizing enterocolitis.

Aim: The aim of this study is to define patterns in the management of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC).

Methods: A total of 80 delegates (81% senior surgeons) from 29 (20 European) countries completed a survey at the European Pediatric Surgeons' Association 2013 annual meeting.

Results: Overall, 59% surgeons work in centers where>10 cases of NEC are treated per year.

Tertiary surgery for complicated repair of esophageal atresia.

Aim: The ideal repair of esophageal atresia (EA) is primary anastomosis with closure of the fistula if present. Long gap or local circumstances prompt other procedures that occasionally lead to disastrous complications. The aim of this study was to analyze the management of these complications in a tertiary referral center.

Severe tracheobronchial injuries: our experience.

Introduction: Severe tracheobronchial injuries (TBI) in children are usually traumatic or iatrogenic. However, they can also be caused by mediastinal infections that lead to critical situations. We herein report our experience in the treatment of these lesions.

Abnormal Sonic hedgehog signaling in the lung of rats with esophageal atresia induced by adriamycin.

Background: Abnormal lung development was recently described in the rat model of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula (EA-TEF). Since in this condition the ventral-to-dorsal switch of Shh expression in the foregut is disturbed, the present study tested the hypothesis that this abnormal expression at the emergence of the tracheobronchial bud might be translated into the developing lung.

Methods: Pregnant rats received either 1.