[Plants with antiviral properties used in Otorhinolaryngology].

Viruses represent one of the main causes of human morbidity and mortality worldwide. Plants have been used since time immemorial to treat, cure or alleviate diseases. We present some of them that make compounds with antiviral action and are used in traditional medicine.

Computational Screening to Predict MicroRNA Targets in the Flavivirus 3' UTR Genome: An Approach for Antiviral Development.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are molecules that influence messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels by binding to the 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) of target genes. Host miRNAs can influence flavivirus replication, either by inducing changes in the host transcriptome or by directly binding to viral genomes. The 3' UTR of the flavivirus genome is a conserved region crucial for viral replication.

Differential Gene Expression Pattern of Importin β3 and NS5 in C6/36 Cells Acutely and Persistently Infected with Dengue Virus 2.

The establishment of persistent dengue virus infection within the cells of the mosquito vector is an essential requirement for viral transmission to a new human host. The mechanisms involved in the establishment and maintenance of persistent infection are not well understood, but it has been suggested that both viral and cellular factors might play an important role. In the present work, we evaluated differential gene expression in cells acutely (C6/36-HT) and persistently infected (C6-L) with Dengue virus 2 by cDNA-AFLP.

Interactions of host miRNAs in the flavivirus 3´UTR genome: From bioinformatics predictions to practical approaches.

The genus Flavivirus of the family includes important viruses, such as Dengue, Zika, West Nile, Japanese encephalitis, Murray Valley encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis, Yellow fever, Saint Louis encephalitis, and Usutu viruses. They are transmitted by mosquitoes or ticks, and they can infect humans, causing fever, encephalitis, or haemorrhagic fever. The treatment resources for these diseases and the number of vaccines available are limited.

Association of Genetic Polymorphisms in , , , and with the Clinical Forms of Dengue in Patients from Veracruz, Mexico.

Dengue manifestations range from a mild form, dengue fever (DF), to more severe forms such as dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS). The ability of the host to present one of these clinical forms could be related to polymorphisms located in genes of the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) which activate the pro-inflammatory response. Therefore, the genotyping of single nucleotide genetic polymorphisms (SNPs) in (rs3775291 and rs6552950), (rs2737190, rs10759932, rs4986790, rs4986791, rs11536865, and rs10983755), (rs179008 and rs3853839), and (rs3764880, rs5741883, rs4830805, and rs1548731) was carried out in non-genetically related DHF patients, DF patients, and general population (GP) subjects.

siRNA Design to Silence the 3'UTR Region of Zika Virus.

The disease caused by the Zika virus (ZIKV) has positioned itself as one of the main public health problems in Mexico. One of the main reasons is it causes microcephaly and other birth defects. The transmission of ZIKV is through and mosquitoes, which are found in a larger space of the national territory.

The Regulation of Flavivirus Infection by Hijacking Exosome-Mediated Cell-Cell Communication: New Insights on Virus-Host Interactions.

The arthropod-borne flaviviruses are important human pathogens, and a deeper understanding of the virus-host cell interaction is required to identify cellular targets that can be used as therapeutic candidates. It is well reported that the flaviviruses hijack several cellular functions, such as exosome-mediated cell communication during infection, which is modulated by the delivery of the exosomal cargo of pro- or antiviral molecules to the receiving host cells. Therefore, to study the role of exosomes during flavivirus infections is essential, not only to understand its relevance in virus-host interaction, but also to identify molecular factors that may contribute to the development of new strategies to block these viral infections.

miR-927 has pro-viral effects during acute and persistent infection with dengue virus type 2 in C6/36 mosquito cells.

Dengue virus (DENV) is an important flavivirus that is transmitted to humans by mosquitoes, where it can establish a persistent infection underlying vertical and horizontal transmission. However, the exact mechanism of persistent DENV infection is not well understood. Recently miR-927 was found to be upregulated in C6/36-HT cells at 57 weeks of persistent infection (C6-L57), suggesting its participation during this type of infection.

Isolation and characterization of exosomes released from mosquito cells infected with dengue virus.

Exosomes are endocytic origin small-membrane vesicles secreted to the extracellular space by most cell types. Exosomes released from virus infected-cells can mediate the cell-to-cell communication to promote or modulate viral transmission. Dengue virus (DENV) is an arbovirus transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes bite to humans.

Mosquito cells persistently infected with dengue virus produce viral particles with host-dependent replication.

Dengue viruses (DENV) are important arboviruses that can establish a persistent infection in its mosquito vector Aedes. Mosquitoes have a short lifetime in nature which makes trying to study the processes that take place during persistent viral infections in vivo. Therefore, C6/36 cells have been used to study this type of infection.

Human astroviruses: in silico analysis of the untranslated region and putative binding sites of cellular proteins.

Human astrovirus (HAstV) constitutes a major cause of acute gastroenteritis in children. The viral 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTR) have been involved in the regulation of several molecular mechanisms. However, in astrovirues have been less characterized.

Genotypic variability analysis of DENV-1 in Mexico reveals the presence of a novel Mexican lineage.

Here, we report for the first time the circulation of dengue virus type 1 (DENV-1) belonging to the lineage IV of genotype V (African American genotype) based on phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequences from 10 DENV-1-positive samples obtained in Mexico between 2012 and 2014. Our data revealed that the lineages III and IV of DENV-1 genotype V were found circulating during the same period, probably explaining the rise in the number of cases of severe dengue during that period.

Strand-like structures and the nonstructural proteins 5, 3 and 1 are present in the nucleus of mosquito cells infected with dengue virus.

Dengue virus (DENV) is an arbovirus, which replicates in the endoplasmic reticulum. Although replicative cycle takes place in the cytoplasm, some viral proteins such as NS5 and C are translocated to the nucleus during infection in mosquitoes and mammalian cells. To localized viral proteins in DENV-infected C6/36 cells, an immunofluorescence (IF) and immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) analysis were performed.

Analysis of the miRNA profile in C6/36 cells persistently infected with dengue virus type 2.

Dengue virus (DENV) is the most important arbovirus in the world; DENV is transmitted by the Aedes genus of mosquitoes and can establish a life-long persistent infection in mosquitoes. However, the exact mechanism by which persistent infection is established remains unknown. In this study the differential expression of miRNAs was analysed by deep sequencing and RT-qPCR using a previously established C6/36-HT cell line persistently infected with DENV 2 (C6-L) as a model.

The Actions of Lyophilized Apple Peel on the Electrical Activity and Organization of the Ventricular Syncytium of the Hearts of Diabetic Rats.

This study was designed to examine the effects of lyophilized red delicious apple peel (RDP) on the action potentials (APs) and the input resistance-threshold current relationship. The experiments were performed on isolated papillary heart muscles from healthy male rats, healthy male rats treated with RDP, diabetic male rats, and diabetic male rats treated with RDP. The preparation was superfused with oxygenated Tyrode's solution at 37°C.

Viral Interference and Persistence in Mosquito-Borne Flaviviruses.

Mosquito-borne flaviviruses are important pathogens for humans, and the detection of two or more flaviviruses cocirculating in the same geographic area has often been reported. However, the epidemiological impact remains to be determined. Mosquito-borne flaviviruses are primarily transmitted through Aedes and Culex mosquitoes; these viruses establish a life-long or persistent infection without apparent pathological effects.

Patents on Phytochemicals: Methodologies of Extraction, Application in Food and Pharmaceutical Industry.

Background: Patents on phytochemicals are being registered worldwide. Such phytochemicals provide benefits to human health, and include terpenoids, phenolic compounds, alkaloids, lignin, and fiber.

Objective: This review has the purpose to provide a comprehensive overview of patents published in the last five years about extraction of phytochemicals and their application in the food and pharmaceutical industry.

PTB binds to the 3' untranslated region of the human astrovirus type 8: a possible role in viral replication.

The 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of human astroviruses (HAstV) consists of two hairpin structures (helix I and II) joined by a linker harboring a conserved PTB/hnRNP1 binding site. The identification and characterization of cellular proteins that interact with the 3'UTR of HAstV-8 virus will help to uncover cellular requirements for viral functions. To this end, mobility shift assays and UV cross-linking were performed with uninfected and HAstV-8-infected cell extracts and HAstV-8 3'UTR probes.

Large-scale genomic analysis of codon usage in dengue virus and evaluation of its phylogenetic dependence.

The increasing number of dengue virus (DENV) genome sequences available allows identifying the contributing factors to DENV evolution. In the present study, the codon usage in serotypes 1-4 (DENV1-4) has been explored for 3047 sequenced genomes using different statistics methods. The correlation analysis of total GC content (GC) with GC content at the three nucleotide positions of codons (GC1, GC2, and GC3) as well as the effective number of codons (ENC, ENCp) versus GC3 plots revealed mutational bias and purifying selection pressures as the major forces influencing the codon usage, but with distinct pressure on specific nucleotide position in the codon.

Surface proteins of C6/36 cells involved in dengue virus 4 binding and entry.

Dengue virus (DENV) is the causative agent of the most important mosquito-borne viral disease, which is endemic to over 100 countries in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. It is transmitted to humans by Aedes mosquitoes. The first step in the viral infection of host cells is virion attachment to the plasma membrane, which is mediated by specific surface molecules.

Detection and sequencing of defective viral genomes in C6/36 cells persistently infected with dengue virus 2.

Dengue virus is the most important arbovirus that affects humans, and it can establish persistent infections, especially in insect-derived cell cultures. Defective viral genomes have been implicated in the establishment and maintenance of persistent infections with several flaviviruses; however, there exists almost no information concerning defective dengue virus genomes. Here, we report the detection of defective dengue 2 virus genomes in persistently infected mosquito C6/36 cells.

Nucleolin interacts with the feline calicivirus 3' untranslated region and the protease-polymerase NS6 and NS7 proteins, playing a role in virus replication.

Cellular proteins play many important roles during the life cycle of all viruses. Specifically, host cell nucleic acid-binding proteins interact with viral components of positive-stranded RNA viruses and regulate viral translation, as well as RNA replication. Here, we report that nucleolin, a ubiquitous multifunctional nucleolar shuttling phosphoprotein, interacts with the Norwalk virus and feline calicivirus (FCV) genomic 3' untranslated regions (UTRs).

Distribution of dengue cases in the state of Oaxaca, Mexico, during the period 2004-2006.

Background: Dengue virus infection is an emergent viral disease and the most important transmitted by a vector worldwide. In Mexico it has been an important public health problem since 1995 and Oaxaca is one of the most affected states in the country.

Objective: To determine the geographic distribution of confirmed dengue cases in the state of Oaxaca, Mexico, the serotypes circulating, and the main gender and age groups affected.

Evidence of vertical transmission of dengue virus in two endemic localities in the state of Oaxaca, Mexico.

Background: Dengue virus is spread in tropical areas of the world and is the causative agent of dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever. It is horizontally transmitted to humans by infected Aedes mosquitoes, but it is also able to be vertically or transovarially transmitted to insect progeny.

Objective: In this work, we analyzed the vertical transmission of dengue virus in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes collected in two endemic localities in the state of Oaxaca, Mexico.