E-cigarette-induced changes in cell stress and mitochondrial function.

Inhaling aerosols from electronic nicotine delivery systems, such as e-cigarettes (e-cigs), may pose health risks beyond those caused by nicotine intake. Exposure to e-cig aerosols can lead to the release of exosomes and metabolites into the bloodstream, potentially affecting mitochondrial physiology across the body, leading to chronic inflammatory diseases. In this study we assessed the effects of e-cig use by young healthy human subjects on the circulating exosome profile and markers of cell stress, and also defined the effects of e-cig user plasma on mitochondrial function in endothelial cells (EA.

Multifaceted secretion of htNSC-derived hypothalamic islets induces survival and antidiabetic effect via peripheral implantation in mice.

We report that mouse hypothalamic stem/progenitor cells produce multiple pancreatic, gastrointestinal and hypothalamic peptides in addition to exosomes. Through cell sorting and selection according to insulin promoter activity, we generated a subpopulation(s) of these cells which formed 3D spherical structure with combined features of hypothalamic neurospheres and pancreatic islets. Through testing streptozotocin-induced pancreatic islet disruption and fatal diabetes, we found that peripheral implantation of these spheres in mice led to remarkable improvements in general health and survival in addition to a moderate antidiabetic effect, and notably these pro-survival versus metabolic effects were dissociable to a significant extent.

The Evolution of Cholesterol-Rich Membrane in Oxygen Adaption: The Respiratory System as a Model.

The increase in atmospheric oxygen levels imposed significant environmental pressure on primitive organisms concerning intracellular oxygen concentration management. Evidence suggests the rise of cholesterol, a key molecule for cellular membrane organization, as a cellular strategy to restrain free oxygen diffusion under the new environmental conditions. During evolution and the increase in organismal complexity, cholesterol played a pivotal role in the establishment of novel and more complex functions associated with lipid membranes.

Author Correction: Hypothalamic stem cells control ageing speed partly through exosomal miRNAs.

The microarray data generated and analysed in this Article have been uploaded to the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) under accession number GSE113383 . Accordingly, the 'Data availability' section of the Methods of the original Article has been rephrased online.

Hypothalamic stem cells control ageing speed partly through exosomal miRNAs.

It has been proposed that the hypothalamus helps to control ageing, but the mechanisms responsible remain unclear. Here we develop several mouse models in which hypothalamic stem/progenitor cells that co-express Sox2 and Bmi1 are ablated, as we observed that ageing in mice started with a substantial loss of these hypothalamic cells. Each mouse model consistently displayed acceleration of ageing-like physiological changes or a shortened lifespan.

Astrocytic Process Plasticity and IKKβ/NF-κB in Central Control of Blood Glucose, Blood Pressure, and Body Weight.

Central regulation of metabolic physiology is mediated critically through neuronal functions; however, whether astrocytes are also essential remains unclear. Here we show that the high-order processes of astrocytes in the mediobasal hypothalamus displayed shortening in fasting and elongation in fed status. Chronic overnutrition and astrocytic IKKβ/NF-κB upregulation similarly impaired astrocytic plasticity, leading to sustained shortening of high-order processes.