Understanding the Causes of Frailty Using a Life-Course Perspective: A Systematic Review.

(1) Background: Few studies have examined risk factors of frailty during early life and mid-adulthood, which may be critical to prevent frailty and/or postpone it. The aim was to identify early life and adulthood risk factors associated with frailty. (2) Methods: A systematic review of cohort studies (of at least 10 years of follow-up), using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines (PRISMA).

The Role of Basic Psychological Needs in the Adoption of Healthy Habits by Adolescents.

Previous research in this field has not examined the significance of each of the basic psychological needs (BPNs) on changes in the physical activity level, adherence to the Mediterranean diet (AMD), kinanthropometric and derived variables, and the physical fitness of adolescents. Therefore, the purpose of this study was (a) to examine the variances in physical activity, AMD, and kinanthropometric and derived variables, as well as fitness levels, among adolescents with varying degrees of satisfaction regarding each of the BPNs and (b) to assess the differences in the study variables among adolescents based on whether the BPNs are satisfied individually or jointly. The sample consisted of 791 adolescents (404 males and 387 females; average age: 14.

Physical Activity Intensity Measurement and Health: State of the Art and Future Directions for Scientific Research.

Physical activity guidelines for health recommend any type of unstructured physical activity for health promotion. Adults should perform at least 150-300 min per week of moderate intensity or 75-150 min per week of vigorous intensity activities, or an equivalent combination of the two intensities. However, the relationship between physical activity intensity and longevity remains a debated topic, with conflicting perspectives offered by epidemiologists, clinical exercise physiologists or anthropologists.

Artificially Sweetened Beverages and Health Outcomes: An Umbrella Review.

The consumption of artificially sweetened beverages (ASBs) is increasing in some countries. However, some meta-analyses have found that habitual consumers of ASBs (compared with low or no consumption) had an increased risk on some health outcomes. We performed an umbrella review of meta-analyses to grade the credibility of the evidence of claimed observational associations between ASBs and health outcomes.

The Effect of Exercise on Quality of Life in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Background: Exercise is a proven therapy for managing cardiometabolic risk factors in type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, its effects on patient-reported outcome measures such as quality of life (QoL) in people with T2D remain unclear. Consequently, the primary aim of this study was to determine the effect of regular exercise on QoL in adults with T2D.

Long-Term Leisure-Time Physical Activity Intensity and All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality: A Prospective Cohort of US Adults.

Background: The 2018 physical activity guidelines for Americans recommend a minimum of 150 to 300 min/wk of moderate physical activity (MPA), 75 to 150 min/wk of vigorous physical activity (VPA), or an equivalent combination of both. However, it remains unclear whether higher levels of long-term VPA and MPA are, independently and jointly, associated with lower mortality.

Methods: A total of 116 221 adults from 2 large prospective US cohorts (Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study, 1988-2018) were analyzed.

Association of the "Weekend Warrior" and Other Leisure-time Physical Activity Patterns With All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality: A Nationwide Cohort Study.

Importance: It is unclear whether the weekly recommended amount of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) has the same benefits for mortality risk when activity sessions are spread throughout the week vs concentrated in fewer days.

Objective: To examine the association of weekend warrior and other patterns of leisure-time physical activity with all-cause and cause-specific mortality.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This large nationwide prospective cohort study included 350 978 adults who self-reported physical activity to the US National Health Interview Survey from 1997 to 2013.

Has the Prevalence of Childhood Obesity in Spain Plateaued? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The prevalence of excess body weight (overweight plus obesity) in children has risen during the last decades in many countries, but it is unclear whether it has reached a plateau in Spanish children. We performed an updated systematic review and meta-analysis for the prevalence of excess body weight in children from Spain, comparing the trends between 1999 and 2010 and 2011 and 2021. Data were reported in a prior meta-analysis, plus an updated search using the Web of Science, MEDLINE (via PubMed) and EMBASE databases for data from January 2018 until December 2021.

Educational Differences in Diabetes Mortality among Hispanics in the United States: An Epidemiological Analysis of Vital Statistics Data (1989-2018).

Background: Diabetes accounted for approximately 10% of all-cause mortality among those 20-79 years of age worldwide in 2019. In 1986-1989, Hispanics in the United States of America (USA) represented 6.9% of the national population with diabetes, and this proportion increased to 15.

Muscle-strengthening activities and cancer incidence and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.

Background: Physical activity has been associated with reduced risk of seven types of cancer. It remains unclear, however, whether muscle-strengthening activities also reduce cancer incidence and mortality.

Methods: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Scopus were searched from inception to March 2020.

Association of Physical Activity Intensity With Mortality: A National Cohort Study of 403 681 US Adults.

Importance: It is unclear whether, for the same amount of total physical activity, a higher proportion of vigorous physical activity (VPA) to total physical activity is associated with a greater reduction in mortality.

Objective: To examine the association of the proportion of VPA to total physical activity (defined as moderate to vigorous physical activity [MVPA]) with all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease mortality, and cancer mortality.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This cohort study included 403 681 adults from the National Health Interview Survey 1997-2013 who provided data on self-reported physical activity and were linked to the National Death Index records through December 31, 2015.

Do vigorous-intensity and moderate-intensity physical activities reduce mortality to the same extent? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective: To examine whether vigorous-intensity physical activity confers additional reductions on all-cause and cause-specific mortality compared with moderate-intensity physical activity.

Design: A systematic review (registered in PROSPERO CRD42019138995) and meta-analysis.

Data Sources: Three electronic databases up to April 14 2020.

Does the association between physical capability and mortality differ by deprivation? Findings from the UK Biobank population-based cohort study.

Background: To investigate whether the excess risk of adverse health outcomes associated with a lower physical capability in adulthood differs by deprivation levels.

Methods: 279,030 participants from the UK Biobank were included. Handgrip strength and walking pace were the exposures.

Associations of vigorous physical activity with all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality among 64 913 adults.

Background: Physical activity recommendations state that for the same energy expenditure, moderate-to-vigorous physical activities (MVPAs) produce similar health benefits. However, few epidemiological studies have tested this hypothesis.

Design: We examined whether, compared with moderate, vigorous activity was associated with larger mortality risk reductions.

Associations of self-reported stair climbing with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: The Harvard Alumni Health Study.

To evaluate the association between numbers of floors climbed (per week) and all-cause and cardiovascular (CVD) mortality in men. A prospective study was conducted in 8874 men (Median [interquartile range] age: 65 years [60-71.6 years]) from the Harvard Alumni Health Study.

Research partnerships between Coca-Cola and health organizations in Spain.

Background: The reduction of soda intake in the population remains an important goal to improve population health. Concerns exist about how industry-sponsored studies in nutrition tend to favour the interest of the sponsor. We describe the scope of partnerships between Coca-Cola and health organizations in Spain, examining marketing strategies contained in scientific papers funded by Coca-Cola.

Reporting bias in the literature on the associations of health-related behaviors and statins with cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality.

Reporting bias in the literature occurs when there is selective revealing or suppression of results, influenced by the direction of findings. We assessed the risk of reporting bias in the epidemiological literature on health-related behavior (tobacco, alcohol, diet, physical activity, and sedentary behavior) and cardiovascular disease mortality and all-cause mortality and provided a comparative assessment of reporting bias between health-related behavior and statin (in primary prevention) meta-analyses. We searched Medline, Embase, Cochrane Methodology Register Database, and Web of Science for systematic reviews synthesizing the associations of health-related behavior and statins with cardiovascular disease mortality and all-cause mortality published between 2010 and 2016.

Why precision medicine is not the best route to a healthier world.

Precision medicine has been announced as a new health revolution. The term precision implies more accuracy in healthcare and prevention of diseases, which could yield substantial cost savings. However, scientific debate about precision medicine is needed to avoid wasting economic resources and hype.

Physical activity and cancer: an umbrella review of the literature including 22 major anatomical sites and 770 000 cancer cases.

Objective: To provide an overview of the breadth and validity of claimed associations between physical activity and risk of developing or dying from cancer.

Design: Umbrella review.

Data Sources: We searched Medline, Embase, Cochrane Database and Web of Science.

All-Cause Mortality Attributable to Sitting Time: Analysis of 54 Countries Worldwide.

Introduction: Recent studies have shown that sitting time is associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality, independent of moderate to vigorous physical activity. Less is known about the population-attributable fraction for all-cause mortality associated with sitting time, and the gains in life expectancy related to the elimination of this risk factor.

Methods: In November 2015, data were gathered from one published meta-analysis, 54 adult surveys on sitting time distribution (from 2002 to 2011), in conjunction with national statistics on population size, life table, and overall deaths.

Is the metabolically healthy obesity phenotype an irrelevant artifact for public health?

Some obese persons do not develop (at least in the short term) the metabolic complications of obesity that are thought to be causally linked to cardiovascular events or premature mortality. This phenomenon has been termed "metabolically healthy obesity" (MHO), and it has received much attention recently, to the extent that some authors argue that "new metrics" must be developed to estimate the risk associated with obesity beyond body mass index. In this commentary, we argue that the MHO phenotype is not benign and as such has very limited relevance as a public health target.