Renal Involvement in Antiphospholipid Syndrome.

Antiphospholipid syndrome is a complex autoimmune disease, characterized by the presence of vascular thrombosis, obstetric, hematologic, cutaneous, and cardiac manifestations. Renal disease in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome was not recognized in the first descriptions of the disease, but later on, the renal manifestations of the syndrome have been investigated widely. Renal manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome conform a wide spectrum of diverse renal syndromes.

Emergence of interventional nephrology at the international level.

The development of nephrology has been greatly influenced by the performance of procedures. For example, kidney biopsies have elicited substantial knowledge, thereby linking kidney afflictions with their respective histopathologies, which consequently governed the course of therapy. Further, the growth of nephrology has been marked by the implementations of advanced forms of renal replacement therapy.