Cajal's contributions to vestibular research.

The Spanish neurohistologist Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852-1934) is widely regarded as the father of modern Neuroscience. In addition to identifying the individuality of cells in the nervous system (the neuron theory) or the direction followed by nerve impulses (the principle of dynamic polarization), he described numerous details regarding the organization of the different structures of the nervous system. This task was compiled in his magnum opus, "Textura del Sistema Nervioso del Hombre y los Vertebrados," first published in Spanish between 1899 and 1904, and later revised and updated in French as "Histologie du système nerveux de l'homme et des vertébrés" between 1909 and 1911 for wider distribution among the international scientific community.

Domingo Sánchez y Sánchez (1860-1947): Cajal's man on the nervous system of invertebrates.

Unlabelled: Domingo Sánchez y Sánchez (1860-1947), a distinguished disciple of Santiago Ramón y Cajal, played a fundamental role in the Spanish School of Neurohistology through the meticulous use of diverse staining and microscopic techniques in the study of the histology and physiology of the invertebrate nervous system, generating valuable contributions that were recognized and cited by the scientific community. His research covered a wide range of areas: he was initially an anthropologist and zoologist, later earning a doctorate in Medicine and specializing in the neurohistology of invertebrates, including the detailed study of the retina and nerve centers of insects, and the discovery of histolysis in nerve centers of insect larvae during metamorphosis, challenging scientific paradigms of the time. Furthermore, Sánchez's work on the neurofibrils of insects was crucial in supporting Cajal's neuronal theory and refuting Bethe and Apathy's reticularist hypothesis.

The vestibular system: Contributions of Lorente de Nó.

Background: Rafael Lorente de Nó was a neuroscientist that worked alongside two of the giants of Medicine, the Nobel Prize winners Cajal and Bárány.

Objective: To describe the contributions of Lorente de Nó to vestibular neuroscience.

Methods: Detailed review of the publications of Lorente de Nó and analysis of the archives from Junta para Ampliación de Estudios e Investigaciones Científicas at Residencia de Estudiantes (Madrid, Spain), Casa de Salud Valdecilla at Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla (Santander, Spain), Becker Medical Library at Washington University (St.

The Importance of Cajal's and Lorente de Nó's Neuroscience to the Birth of Cybernetics.

The beginnings of cybernetics were marked by the publication of two papers in 1943. In the first one, Rosenblueth, Wiener, and Bigelow claimed that purposeful behavior is a circular process controlled by negative feedback. In the second seminal paper, McCulloch and Pitts proposed that neurons are interconnected working as logical operators.

Unification of Treatments and Interventions for Tinnitus Patients (UNITI): a study protocol for a multi-center randomized clinical trial.

Background: Tinnitus represents a relatively common condition in the global population accompanied by various comorbidities and severe burden in many cases. Nevertheless, there is currently no general treatment or cure, presumable due to the heterogeneity of tinnitus with its wide variety of etiologies and tinnitus phenotypes. Hence, most treatment studies merely demonstrated improvement in a subgroup of tinnitus patients.

DNA Methylation Signature in Mononuclear Cells and Proinflammatory Cytokines May Define Molecular Subtypes in Sporadic Meniere Disease.

Meniere Disease (MD) is a multifactorial disorder of the inner ear characterized by vertigo attacks associated with sensorineural hearing loss and tinnitus with a significant heritability. Although MD has been associated with several genes, no epigenetic studies have been performed on MD. Here we performed whole-genome bisulfite sequencing in 14 MD patients and six healthy controls, with the aim of identifying an MD methylation signature and potential disease mechanisms.

Burden of rare variants in synaptic genes in patients with severe tinnitus: An exome based extreme phenotype study.

Background: tinnitus is a heterogeneous condition associated with audiological and/or mental disorders. Chronic, severe tinnitus is reported in 1% of the population and it shows a relevant heritability, according to twins, adoptees and familial aggregation studies. The genetic contribution to severe tinnitus is unknown since large genomic studies include individuals with self-reported tinnitus and large heterogeneity in the phenotype.

Towards a unification of treatments and interventions for tinnitus patients: The EU research and innovation action UNITI.

Tinnitus is the perception of a phantom sound and the patient's reaction to it. Although much progress has been made, tinnitus remains a scientific and clinical enigma of high prevalence and high economic burden, with an estimated prevalence of 10%-20% among the adult population. The EU is funding a new collaborative project entitled "Unification of Treatments and Interventions for Tinnitus Patients" (UNITI, grant no.

Burden of Rare Variants in the OTOG Gene in Familial Meniere's Disease.

Objectives: Meniere's disease (MD) is a rare inner ear disorder characterized by sensorineural hearing loss, episodic vertigo, and tinnitus. Familial MD has been reported in 6 to 9% of sporadic cases, and few genes including FAM136A, DTNA, PRKCB, SEMA3D, and DPT have been involved in single families, suggesting genetic heterogeneity. In this study, the authors recruited 46 families with MD to search for relevant candidate genes for hearing loss in familial MD.

The pharmacological management of vertigo in Meniere disease.

Introduction: The term Meniere disease (MD) gathers a set of rare diseases involving the inner ear characterized by episodic vertigo associated with fluctuating auditory symptoms. Five clinical subgroups of patients have been defined, including familial MD, autoimmune MD, and MD with migraine. The diagnosis is based on clinical criteria as no biomarker is available, but genetic factors have a significant contribution in familial and non-familial MD.

Corrigendum: Clinical Features of Headache in Patients With Diagnosis of Definite Vestibular Migraine: The VM-Phenotypes Projects.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.

Differential Proinflammatory Signature in Vestibular Migraine and Meniere Disease.

Vestibular Migraine (VM) and Meniere's Disease (MD) are episodic vestibular syndromes defined by a set of associated symptoms such as tinnitus, hearing loss or migraine features during the attacks. Both conditions may show symptom overlap and there is no biological marker to distinguish them. Two subgroups of MD patients have been reported, according to their IL-1β profile.

Lorente de Nó: From Neuroanatomy to Neurophysiology.

Rafael Lorente de Nó (1902-1990) was the youngest and last of Santiago Ramón y Cajal's students. With Fernando de Castro, Lorente de Nó helped to transition the focus of Ramón y Cajal's School from neuroanatomy to neurophysiology. His main contributions to neuroscience concerned the cytoarchitecture of the cerebral isocortex and hippocampus, neural networks, central vestibular system anatomy, vestibulo-ocular reflex physiology, cochlear nuclei anatomy, and synaptic transmission mechanisms.

Facial paralysis: Clinical practice guideline of the Spanish Society of Otolaryngology.

Bell's palsy is the most common diagnosis associated with facial nerve weakness or paralysis. However, not all patients with facial paresis/paralysis have Bell's palsy. Other common causes include treatment of vestibular schwannoma, head and neck tumours, iatrogenic injuries, Herpes zoster, or trauma.

Normative data for static balance testing in healthy individuals using open source computerized posturography.

Purpose: Computerized posturography is the gold standard for balance assessment. Because of the great cost and dimensions of commercial equipments, low-cost and portable devices have been developed and validated, such as RombergLab, a software in open source term which works connected with a low-cost force platform. The objective of this study was to obtain normative posturography data using this software.

Clinical Features of Headache in Patients With Diagnosis of Definite Vestibular Migraine: The VM-Phenotypes Projects.

Migraine is a common neurological disorder characterized by episodic headaches with specific features, presenting familial aggregation. Migraine is associated with episodic vertigo, named Vestibular Migraine (VM) whose diagnosis mainly rely on clinical history showing a temporary association of symptoms. Some patient refers symptoms occurring in pediatric age, defined "episodic symptoms which may be associated with migraine.

Clinical guideline on bone conduction implants.

Introduction And Goals: During the last decade there have been multiple and relevant advances in conduction and mixed hearing loss treatment. These advances and the appearance of new devices have extended the indications for bone-conduction implants. The Scientific Committee of Audiology of the Sociedad Española de Otorrinolaringología y Cirugía de Cabeza y Cuello SEORL-CCC (Spanish Society of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery), together with the Otology and Otoneurology Committees, have undertaken a review of the current state of bone-conduction devices with updated information, to provide a clinical guideline on bone-conduction implants for otorhinolaryngology specialists, health professionals, health authorities and society in general.

Proinflammatory cytokines and response to molds in mononuclear cells of patients with Meniere disease.

Epidemiological studies have found a higher prevalence of allergic symptoms and positive prick tests in patients with Meniere's disease (MD); however the effect of allergenic extracts in MD has not been established. Thus, this study aims to determine the effect of Aspergillus and Penicillium stimulation in cytokine release and gene expression profile in MD. Patients with MD showed higher basal levels of IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-6 and TNF-α when compared to healthy controls.

Vestibulo-ocular reflex gain values in the suppression head impulse test of healthy subjects.

Objective: To assess whether there are differences in vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) gain for suppression head impulse (SHIMP) and head impulse (HIMP) video head impulse test paradigms, and if so, what are their causes.

Methods: Prospective multicenter observational double-blind nonrandomized clinical study was performed by collecting 80 healthy subjects from four reference hospitals. SHIMP data was postprocessed to eliminate impulses in which early SHIMP saccades were detected.

Regulation of Fn14 Receptor and NF-κB Underlies Inflammation in Meniere's Disease.

Meniere's disease (MD) is a rare disorder characterized by episodic vertigo, sensorineural hearing loss, tinnitus, and aural fullness. It is associated with a fluid imbalance between the secretion of endolymph in the cochlear duct and its reabsorption into the subarachnoid space, leading to an accumulation of endolymph in the inner ear. Epidemiological evidence, including familial aggregation, indicates a genetic contribution and a consistent association with autoimmune diseases (AD).