[Prognostic factors and response predictors in castration resistant prostate cancer.].

Prostate cancer is a health problem in many Countries worldwide. Understanding the essential function of androgens in the prostate physiology led to the development of hormonal blockade as a therapeutic option in advanced disease, with limited response with time and development of resistance. In this stage, where castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is defined, it is associated with poor prognosis because survival varies between 18 and 24 months.

[Immunotherapy in castration resistant prostate cancer.].

We review the role of immunotherapy in castration resistant prostate cancer. Two immunotherapeutic strategies have been applied, isolated or in combination, either with each other or with other agents with demonstrated efficacy in this scenario that would play a role as immunomodulators: vaccines or monoclonal antibodies aimed to block immune response checkpoint inhibitors. Although CRPC presents, a priori, characteristics suggesting that immunotherapy may play a relevant role as a therapeutic strategy, its clinical application has demonstrated a limited and heterogeneous activity, in terms of proportion of responders and response intensity.

[Robot-assisted and laparoscopic pyeloplasty.].

Objectives: Uretero-pelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction has been classically treated by open dismembered pyeloplasty. Recently, laparoscopic (LP) and robotic pyeloplasty (RP) have become the techniques of choice for the treatment of UPJ stenosis in adult and pediatric population. Our objective in this paper is to review the results of minimally invasive surgery as the treatment of UPJ obstruction, the trend to use these approaches and the current limits of LP and RP.

Staghorn stones in renal graft. Presentation on two cases report and review the bibliography.

Objective: To describe two clinical cases of staghorn stones in renal allografts and to perform a review of this condition.

Methods/results: Case 1. 71-year-old woman with a renal transplant and recurrent UTI presented lithiasis in the graft on renal ultrasound.

[Renal cell carcinoma molecular biology. Prognostic and therapeutic usefulness].

Renal cell adenocarcinoma requires different therapeutic pathways because it is one of the most therapy-resistant tumors, on the other hand it is biologically one of the most attractive tumors. Its pathological classification has a genetic base. There is an anomaly of the Von Hippel Lindau gene in 80% of adenocarcinomas, being this fact determinant to know the biological characteristics of tumor initiation and development, as well as the identification of factors susceptible to be used as therapeutic targets.

Impact of renal retransplantation on graft and recipient survival.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of retransplantation in graft and recipient survival.

Methods: We carried out a retrospective study in 419 renal transplants and studied the influence of retransplantation in graft and patient survival. A homogeneity study was performed between the two groups with a Student`s T and a chi-square tests.

[Bilharziasis. Case report].

Objective: To report one case of bilharziasis treated at our centre and to briefly comment the literature in the current context of increase of parasitical diseases in Europe, imported from the Third World by immigrants and tourists.

Methods: We report the case of a male patient from a Central African country referred to our department due to penile pain with painful voiding and ejaculation for several months, without other clinical symptoms. We performed a bibliographic search in the PubMed and Up-to-date databases with the following search terms: schistosomiasis, bilharziasis, hematuria, bladder infection, parasitosis, combined by boolean operators.

[Initial experience with radiofrequency percutaneous ablation of renal tumors].

Objectives: To evaluate the usefulness of percutaneous or laparoscopic application of radiofrequency for ablation of tumoral tissue in patients with the diagnosis of solitary renal tumor.

Methods: 3 male patients (one with bilateral renal tumor) underwent 4 radiofrequency ablation treatments (1 laparoscopic, 3 percutaneous) for renal masses between 1.5 and 5 cm (average 3.