Rapid antibiotic susceptibility testing (RAST) of blood cultures in enterobacteria with inducible chromosomal AmpC-type β-lactamase.

Introduction: Early and adequate treatment of bloodstream infections decreases patient morbidity and mortality. The objective is to develop a preliminary method for rapid antibiotic susceptibility testing (RAST) in enterobacteria with inducible chromosomal AmpC.

Methods: RAST was performed directly on spiked blood cultures of 49 enterobacteria with inducible chromosomal AmpC.

Community Emergence of Cefixime-Resistant Belonging to ST12 with Chromosomal AmpC Hyperproduction.

isolates that are resistant to cefixime and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, but apparently susceptible to cefuroxime, with no ESBL identified, were initially detected in Madrid from urine samples in 2019. Throughout 2020 and 2021, all cases of community UTI by from six health areas in Madrid were studied. A representative sample of 23 cases was selected for further studies.

Prevalence of Gene in Fosfomycin-Resistant in the Autonomous Community of Madrid (Spain) and Characterization of Two Positive Strains.

Plasmid-mediated resistance to fosfomycin has been seldom described in . We report two strains harboring gene. Whole-genome sequencing revealed a plasmid that encoded gene flanked by two insertion sequence (IS) mobile elements.

A Prospective Study of the Serological, Clinical, and Epidemiological Features of a SARS-CoV-2 Positive Pediatric Cohort.

Background: SARS-CoV-2 was a global pandemic. Children develop a mild disease and may have a different rate of seroconversion compared to adults. The objective was to determine the number of seronegative patients in a pediatric cohort.

What's new in mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in bacteria of clinical origin?

The discovery, commercialization and administration of antibiotics revolutionized the world of medicine in the middle of the last century, generating a significant change in the therapeutic paradigm of the infectious diseases. Nevertheless, this great breakthrough was soon threatened due to the enormous adaptive ability that bacteria have, through which they are able to develop or acquire different mechanisms that allow them to survive the exposure to antibiotics. We are faced with a complex, multifactorial and inevitable but potentially manageable threat.

Prevalence, detection and characterisation of fosfomycin-resistant Escherichia coli strains carrying fosA genes in Community of Madrid, Spain.

Objectives: The aim of this this study was to describe the presence of different variants of the fosA gene in fosfomycin-resistant Escherichia coli strains in Madrid, Spain.

Methods: fos genes were searched for in 55 E. coli strains collected from seven representative hospitals located in Madrid.

Mechanisms of Linezolid Resistance Among Enterococci of Clinical Origin in Spain-Detection of - and (D)-Carrying .

The mechanisms of linezolid resistance among 13 and 6 isolates, recovered from six Spanish hospitals during 2017-2018, were investigated. The presence of acquired linezolid resistance genes and mutations in 23S rDNA and in genes encoding for ribosomal proteins was analyzed by PCR and amplicon sequencing. Moreover, the susceptibility to 18 antimicrobial agents was investigated, and the respective molecular background was elucidated by PCR-amplicon sequencing and whole genome sequencing.

Escherichia coli resistant to fosfomycin from urinary tract infections: Detection of the fosA3 gene in Spain.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to report the epidemiological and genetic background of fosfomycin-resistant Escherichia coli isolates causing urinary tract infections (UTIs) in Spain.

Methods: A retrospective observational study of 39 randomly selected fosfomycin-resistant E. coli from urine samples collected during 2017 in Getafe (Spain) was performed.

ESBL-producing-multidrug resistant E. coli population from urinary tract infections is less diverse than non-ESBL-multidrug resistant population.

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the population structure of three different representative groups of E. coli isolates causing urinary tract infections in a large area of Madrid, Spain: two groups of multidrug resistant isolates (MDR), ESBL- and non-ESBL producers, and one of fully-susceptible isolates (35 isolates in each group).

Methods: Epidemiological relatedness was studied by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST).

Recommendations of the Spanish Antibiogram Committee (COESANT) for selecting antimicrobial agents and concentrations for in vitro susceptibility studies using automated systems.

Automated antimicrobial susceptibility testing devices are widely implemented in clinical microbiology laboratories in Spain, mainly using EUCAST (European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing) breakpoints. In 2007, a group of experts published recommendations for including antimicrobial agents and selecting concentrations in these systems. Under the patronage of the Spanish Antibiogram Committee (Comité Español del Antibiograma, COESANT) and the Study Group on Mechanisms of Action and Resistance to Antimicrobial Agents (GEMARA) from the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC), and aligned with the Spanish National Plan against Antimicrobial Resistance (PRAN), a group of experts have updated this document.

Stratification by demographic and clinical data of the antibiotic susceptibility of Escherichia coli from urinary tract infections of the community.

Aim: To determine the patterns of antibiotic susceptibility of Escherichia coli strains isolated from adult patients with urinary tract infection (UTI), and to stratify the results by age and type of UTI to verify if there are statistically significant differences that can help physicians to prescribe better empirical antibiotherapy.

Design: Cross-sectional prospective study.

Location: Community of Getafe (Madrid).

Mycoplasma genitalium in Spain: prevalence of genital infection and frequency of resistance to macrolides.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium infection and the resistance to macrolides within a general population in Madrid in 2015.

Methods: We collected 359 urine samples from a general population with symptoms of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). All samples underwent a real-time PCR.

Executive summary of the diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infection: Guidelines of the Spanish Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (SEIMC).

Most urinary tract infections (UTI) are uncomplicated infections occurring in young women. An extensive evaluation is not required in the majority of cases, and they can be safely managed as outpatients with oral antibiotics. Escherichia coli is by far the most common uropathogen, accounting for >80% of all cases.

[Recommendations for management of acute pharyngitis in adults].

Acute pharyngitis in adults is one of the most common infectious diseases seen in general practitioners' consultations. Viral aetiology is the most common. Among bacterial causes, the main agent is Streptococcus pyogenes or group A β-haemolytic streptococcus (GABHS), which causes 5%-30% of the episodes.

Evolution of antibiotic multiresistance in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from urinary tract infections: A 12-year analysis (2003-2014).

Introduction: The aim of this study was to identify multi-drug resistance (MDR) in the main enterobacteriaceae implicated in urinary tract infections (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae) from both, community and hospitalized patients and to analyze the evolution over a 12-year period.

Methods: Microb Dynamic software was used to analyze the microbiology laboratory database and a chi square test was applied to compare differences in group proportions and to determine the linear trend over 12 years in three different periods: 2003-2006, 2007-2010, 2011-2014. We chose amoxicillin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole as MDR markers.

Survey of Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae in Companion Dogs in Madrid, Spain.

We found a low prevalence (0.6%) of carbapenemase-producingEnterobacteriaceae(CPE) in fecal microbiota of companion dogs. A single VIM-1-producingKlebsiella pneumoniaeisolate belonging to sequence type (ST) 2090 was detected.

Enteropathogens and antibiotics.

Infectious gastroenteritis remains a public health problem. The most severe cases are of bacterial origin. In Spain, Campylobacter and Salmonella are the most prevalent bacterial genus, while Yersinia and Shigella are much less frequent.

[Recommendations for management of acute pharyngitis in adults].

Acute pharyngitis in adults is one of the most common infectious diseases seen in general practitioners' consultations. Viral aetiology is the most common. Among bacterial causes, the main agent is Streptococcus pyogenes or group A β-haemolytic streptococcus (GABHS), which causes 5%-30% of the episodes.

[Recommendations for management of acute pharyngitis in adults].

Acute pharyngitis in adults is one of the most common infectious diseases seen in general practitioners' consultations. Viral aetiology is the most common. Among bacterial causes, the main agent is Streptococcus pyogenes or group A β-haemolytic streptococcus (GABHS), which causes 5%-30% of the episodes.

[Antibiotic resistance: A global crisis].

The introduction of antibiotics into clinical practice represented one of the most important interventions for the control of infectious diseases. Antibiotics have saved millions of lives and have also brought a revolution in medicine. However, an increasing threat has deteriorated the effectiveness of these drugs, that of bacterial resistance to antibiotics, which is defined here as the ability of bacteria to survive in antibiotic concentrations that inhibit/kill others of the same species.

First clinical isolate in Europe of clindamycin-resistant group B Streptococcus mediated by the lnu(B) gene.

We characterize the mechanisms implicated in an unusual phenotype of resistance to macrolides-lincosamides (no halos of inhibition around clindamycin and lincomycin discs, and a 15 mm halo around erythromycin disc) in a Streptococcus agalactiae isolate recovered in Spain. The presence of macrolide or lincosamide resistance genes [erm(A), erm(B), erm(C), erm(T), mef(A), mrs(A), lnu(A), lnu(B), lsa(B), lsa(C) and vga(C)] was investigated by PCR and sequencing. The strain showed a resistant phenotype to erythromycin and clindamycin (MIC = 2 mg/L and MIC = 8 mg/L, respectively) and the presence of lnu(B) and mef(A) genes was demonstrated.

[Susceptibility to azithromycin and other antibiotics in recent isolates of Salmonella, Shigella and Yersinia].

Introduction: Azithromycin represents an alternative option to treat bacterial diarrhea when the antibiotic therapy is indicated. Little is known regarding the susceptibility to azithromycin in enteropathogens in Spain.

Methods: The MICs of azithromycin were determined by E-test against Salmonella non-typhi (SNT), Shigella and Yersinia isolates collected over the last three years (2010-2012).