A bout of aerobic exercise in the heat increases carbohydrate use but does not enhance the disposal of an oral glucose load, in healthy active individuals.

We investigated if a bout of exercise in a hot environment (HEAT) would reduce the postprandial hyperglycemia induced by glucose ingestion. The hypothesis was that HEAT stimulating carbohydrate oxidation and glycogen use would increase the disposal of an ingested glucose load [i.e.

Glucose volume of distribution affects insulin sensitivity measured by intravenous glucose tolerance test.

Aim: To determine whether glucose volume of distribution (Vd ) affects the diagnosis of impaired insulin sensitivity (IS) when using an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT).

Methods: Individuals with distinct levels of IS underwent IVGTT after an overnight fast. The prediabetic group (Prediab; n = 33) differed from the healthy group (Healthy; n = 14) in their larger glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c of 5.

Metformin and exercise effects on postprandial insulin sensitivity and glucose kinetics in pre-diabetic and diabetic adults.

The potential interaction between metformin and exercise on glucose-lowering effects remains controversial. We studied the separated and combined effects of metformin and/or exercise on fasting and postprandial insulin sensitivity in individuals with pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Eight T2D adults (60 ± 4 yr) with overweight/obesity (32 ± 4 kg·m) under chronic metformin treatment (9 ± 6 yr; 1281 ± 524 mg·day) underwent four trials; ) taking their habitual metformin treatment (MET), ) substituting during 96 h their metformin medication by placebo (PLAC), ) placebo combined with 50 min bout of high-intensity interval exercise (PLAC + EX), and ) metformin combined with exercise (MET + EX).

Statins effect on insulin resistance after a meal and exercise in hypercholesterolemic pre-diabetic individuals.

Aim: To study if statins, a widely prescribed, inexpensive medication to prevent coronary artery diseases may cause insulin resistance (IR).

Methods: Fasted (HOMA-IR) and post-meal insulin resistance were assessed in 21 pre-diabetic hypercholesterolemic individuals treated with statins (STA trial). Measurements were compared to another trial conducted 96 h after statin withdrawal using placebo pills (PLAC trial).

Effects of chronic metformin treatment on training adaptations in men and women with hyperglycemia: A prospective study.

Objective: This study aimed to determine whether chronic metformin use interferes with the improvements in insulin resistance (IR) and cardiorespiratory fitness with aerobic training in people with hyperglycemia and metabolic syndrome (MetS).

Methods: A total of 63 middle-aged (53 [7] years) individuals with MetS and obesity (BMI = 32.8 [4.

One Bout of Resistance Training Does Not Enhance Metformin Actions in Prediabetic and Diabetic Individuals.

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the separated and combined effects of metformin and resistance exercise on glycemic control, insulin sensitivity, and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in overweight/obese individuals with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Methods: Fourteen adults with a body mass index of 32.1 ± 4.

Endurance Exercise Training reduces Blood Pressure according to the Wilder's Principle.

The effect of antihypertensive medicine (AHM) is larger the higher the pre-treatment blood pressure level. It is unknown whether this Wilder's principle, also applies for the exercise-training blood pressure (BP) lowering effect. One hundred seventy-eight (n=178) middle-aged individuals (55±8 y) with metabolic syndrome (MetS), underwent high intensity interval training (3 days·week) for 16 weeks.

Concurrent endurance and resistance training enhances muscular adaptations in individuals with metabolic syndrome.

The purpose of the study was to determine if concurrent training (endurance and resistance in a single session) elicits leg muscular adaptations beyond the ones obtained by endurance training alone in sedentary individuals with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Sixty-six MetS individuals (37% women, age 56 ± 7 years, BMI 32 ± 5 kg m and 3.8 ± 0.

The use of a graded exercise test may be insufficient to quantify true changes in V̇o following exercise training in unfit individuals with metabolic syndrome.

We studied the accuracy of graded exercise testing (GXT) to assess improvements in maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o) with exercise training in unfit individuals with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Forty-four adults with MetS (58 ± 7 yr, 36% women, BMI 31.8 ± 4.

Substitution of parts of aerobic training by resistance training lowers fasting hyperglycemia in individuals with metabolic syndrome.

We sought to determine the effects of substituting parts of aerobic training (AT) by resistance training (RT) on metabolic syndrome (MetS) factors. MetS patients (aged 56 ± 7 years; body mass index 33 ± 5 kg·m and 3.9 ± 0.

Effects of Exercise Training during Christmas on Body Weight and Cardiometabolic Health in Overweight Individuals.

Individuals with abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) have augmented risk of all-cause mortality. Lifestyle interventions are effective to treat MetS, however, there are periods during the year in which exercise programs are discontinued and improper dietary habits reappear (e.g.

Effects of statin therapy and exercise on postprandial triglycerides in overweight individuals with hypercholesterolaemia.

Aims: To determine the effects of statins on postprandial lipaemia (PPL) and to study if exercise could enhance statin actions.

Methods: Ten hypercholesteraemic (blood cholesterol 204 ± 36 mg dL ; low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol 129 ± 32 36 mg dL ) overweight (body mass index 30 ± 4 kg m ), metabolic syndrome individuals chronically medicated with statins (>6 months) underwent 5-hour PPL tests in 4 occasions in a randomized order: (i) substituting their habitual statin medication by placebo for 96 hours (PLAC trial); (ii) taking their habitual statin medicine (STA trial); (iii) placebo combined with a bout of intense aerobic exercise (EXER+PLAC trial); and (iv) combining exercise and statin medicine (EXER+STA trial).

Results: Before the fat meal, statin withdrawal (i.

Women with metabolic syndrome show similar health benefits from high-intensity interval training than men.

High-intensity interval training (HIIT), is effective to improve cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) components in adults. However, it is unclear if CRF and MetS components respond similarly in men and women after HIIT. For 16 weeks, 63 women (53±7 years) and 56 men (55±8 years) with MetS underwent a three day/week HIIT program.

Post-exercise Hypotension Produced by Supramaximal Interval Exercise is Potentiated by Angiotensin Receptor Blockers.

We studied the effects of supramaximal interval exercise (SIE) with or without antihypertensive medication (AHM) on 21-hr blood pressure (BP) response. Twelve hypertensive patients chronically medicated with AHM, underwent three trials in a randomized order: a) control trial without exercise and substituting their AHM with a placebo (PLAC); b) placebo medicine and a morning bout of SIE (PLAC+SIE), and c) combining AHM and exercise (AHM+SIE). Acute and ambulatory blood pressure responses were measured for 21-hr after treatment.

Effectiveness of Aerobic Exercise Programs for Health Promotion in Metabolic Syndrome.

Purpose: Continuous and interval are the two types of aerobic exercise training commonly used for health promotion. We sought to determine which aerobic exercise training program results in larger health improvements in metabolic syndrome (MetS) individuals.

Methods: One hundred twenty-one MetS patients (age, 57 ± 8 yr; weight, 92 ± 15 kg; and MetS factors, 3.

Training intensity relative to ventilatory thresholds determines cardiorespiratory fitness improvements in sedentary adults with obesity.

The aim of the present study was to study if training intensity relative to ventilatory thresholds (VTs) determines the improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in middle-aged sedentary individuals with obesity. Before and after 16-weeks of HIIT (43-min alternating bouts at 70/90% of HR), oxygen consumption ( O) and heart rate (HR) at ventilatory threshold 1 ( O HR), ventilatory threshold 2 ( O, HR) and at maximal effort ( O, HR) were assessed during a graded cycle-ergometer exercise test. Retrospectively, participants were divided into two groups based on whether training intensities were under (UNDER; n = 39) or over (OVER; n = 37) VT and VT.

Exercise Periodization over the Year Improves Metabolic Syndrome and Medication Use.

Purpose: We aimed to determine if yearly repeated exercise training reduces metabolic syndrome (MetS) and the use of medicines to control MetS components.

Methods: Fifty-five MetS individuals were randomized into a TRAIN group that underwent two yearly programs of 16-wk high-intensity interval training or a nonexercising CONT group. We measured the evolution of all five MetS components, cardiorespiratory fitness (assessed by V˙O2PEAK) and medicine use, at baseline (0 months), mid (12 months), and end-point (24 months).

Acute Hypotension after High-Intensity Interval Exercise in Metabolic Syndrome Patients.

The purpose of this study was to compare the magnitude of post-exercise hypotension (PEH) after a bout of cycling exercise using high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in comparison to a bout of traditional moderate-intensity continuous exercise (CE). After supine rest 14 obese (31±1 kg·m) middle-age (57±2 y) metabolic syndrome patients (50% hypertensive) underwent a bout of HIIT or a bout of CE in a random order and then returned to supine recovery for another 45 min. Exercise trials were isocaloric and compared to a no-exercise trial (CONT) of supine rest for a total of 160 min.

Cardiovascular Drift during Training for Fitness in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome.

Purpose: The health benefits of a training program are largely influenced by the exercise dose and intensity. We sought to determine whether during a training bout of continuous versus interval exercise the workload needs to be reduced to maintain the prescribed target heart rate (HR).

Methods: Fourteen obese (31 ± 4 kg·m) middle-age (57 ± 8 yr) individuals with metabolic syndrome, underwent two exercise training bouts matched by energy expenditure (i.

Validity and Reliability of Ventilatory and Blood Lactate Thresholds in Well-Trained Cyclists.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine, i) the reliability of blood lactate and ventilatory-based thresholds, ii) the lactate threshold that corresponds with each ventilatory threshold (VT1 and VT2) and with maximal lactate steady state test (MLSS) as a proxy of cycling performance.

Methods: Fourteen aerobically-trained male cyclists ([Formula: see text] 62.1±4.

Aerobic Exercise Training Increases Muscle Water Content in Obese Middle-Age Men.

Purpose: The objective of this study is to determine whether muscle water content (H2Omuscle) expands with training in deconditioned middle-age men and the effects of this expansion in other muscle metabolites.

Methods: Eighteen obese (BMI = 33 ± 3 kg⁻¹·m⁻²) untrained (V˙O2peak = 29 ± 7 mL⁻¹·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹) metabolic syndrome men completed a 4-month aerobic cycling training program. Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were collected before and 72 h after the completion of the last training bout.

Comparison of glucose tolerance tests to detect the insulin sensitizing effects of a bout of continuous exercise.

The aim of the present study was to determine which of the available glucose tolerance tests (oral (OGTT) vs. intravenous (IVGTT)) could more readily detect the insulin sensitizing effects of a bout of continuous exercise. Ten healthy moderately fit young men (V̇O2peak of 45.

Increased blood cholesterol after a high saturated fat diet is prevented by aerobic exercise training.

A high saturated fatty acids diet (HSFAD) deteriorates metabolic and cardiovascular health while aerobic training improves them. The aim of this study was to investigate in physically inactive and overweight people if 2 weeks of HSFAD leads to hyperlipemia or insulin resistance and if concurrent aerobic exercise training counteracts those effects. Fourteen overweight (body mass index, 27.