Cervical lung herniation of the azygous lobe: a case report and literature review.

Purpose: To report an adult case of cervical lung herniation involving the azygous lobe and to review the literature.

Methods: A trauma patient was incidentally found to have a cervical lung herniation involving the azygous lobe. We reviewed the literature on cervical lung herniation, described techniques used to diagnose and evaluate cervical lung herniations and summarized management options.

AI-based differential diagnosis of dementia etiologies on multimodal data.

Differential diagnosis of dementia remains a challenge in neurology due to symptom overlap across etiologies, yet it is crucial for formulating early, personalized management strategies. Here, we present an artificial intelligence (AI) model that harnesses a broad array of data, including demographics, individual and family medical history, medication use, neuropsychological assessments, functional evaluations and multimodal neuroimaging, to identify the etiologies contributing to dementia in individuals. The study, drawing on 51,269 participants across 9 independent, geographically diverse datasets, facilitated the identification of 10 distinct dementia etiologies.

AI-based differential diagnosis of dementia etiologies on multimodal data.

Differential diagnosis of dementia remains a challenge in neurology due to symptom overlap across etiologies, yet it is crucial for formulating early, personalized management strategies. Here, we present an AI model that harnesses a broad array of data, including demographics, individual and family medical history, medication use, neuropsychological assessments, functional evaluations, and multimodal neuroimaging, to identify the etiologies contributing to dementia in individuals. The study, drawing on 51,269 participants across 9 independent, geographically diverse datasets, facilitated the identification of 10 distinct dementia etiologies.

Hypertrophic pachymeningitis of the internal auditory canal and cerebellopontine angle from a large recurrent attic cholesteatoma.

Objectives: To describe a rare complication of cholesteatoma.

Methods: Case report with literature review.

Results: We report a case of a 37-year-old male who presented for evaluation of otorrhea, headache, and progressive left sensorineural hearing loss.

Deep learning for risk-based stratification of cognitively impaired individuals.

Quantifying the risk of progression to Alzheimer's disease (AD) could help identify persons who could benefit from early interventions. We used data from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI, n = 544, discovery cohort) and the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC, n = 508, validation cohort), subdividing individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) into risk groups based on cerebrospinal fluid amyloid-β levels and identifying differential gray matter patterns. We then created models that fused neural networks with survival analysis, trained using non-parcellated T1-weighted brain MRIs from ADNI data, to predict the trajectories of MCI to AD conversion within the NACC cohort (integrated Brier score: 0.

The Brain Tumor Segmentation - Metastases (BraTS-METS) Challenge 2023: Brain Metastasis Segmentation on Pre-treatment MRI.

The translation of AI-generated brain metastases (BM) segmentation into clinical practice relies heavily on diverse, high-quality annotated medical imaging datasets. The BraTS-METS 2023 challenge has gained momentum for testing and benchmarking algorithms using rigorously annotated internationally compiled real-world datasets. This study presents the results of the segmentation challenge and characterizes the challenging cases that impacted the performance of the winning algorithms.

Real-World Performance of Large Vessel Occlusion Artificial Intelligence-Based Computer-Aided Triage and Notification Algorithms-What the Stroke Team Needs to Know.

Purpose: To evaluate the real-world performance of two FDA-approved artificial intelligence (AI)-based computer-aided triage and notification (CADt) detection devices and compare them with the manufacturer-reported performance testing in the instructions for use.

Materials And Methods: Clinical performance of two FDA-cleared CADt large-vessel occlusion (LVO) devices was retrospectively evaluated at two separate stroke centers. Consecutive "code stroke" CT angiography examinations were included and assessed for patient demographics, scanner manufacturer, presence or absence of CADt result, CADt result, and LVO in the internal carotid artery (ICA), horizontal middle cerebral artery (MCA) segment (M1), Sylvian MCA segments after the bifurcation (M2), precommunicating part of cerebral artery, postcommunicating part of the cerebral artery, vertebral artery, basilar artery vessel segments.

Revisiting the Tentorial Venous Sinuses: Anatomical and Histological Study.

Background: Anatomical studies of the tentorial sinuses (TS) are scant, and to our knowledge, histological studies of this structure have not been reported. Therefore, we aim to better elucidate this anatomy.

Methods: In 15 fresh frozen, latex injected, adult cadaveric specimens, the TS were evaluated with microsurgical dissection and histology.

Multimodal deep learning for Alzheimer's disease dementia assessment.

Worldwide, there are nearly 10 million new cases of dementia annually, of which Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common. New measures are needed to improve the diagnosis of individuals with cognitive impairment due to various etiologies. Here, we report a deep learning framework that accomplishes multiple diagnostic steps in successive fashion to identify persons with normal cognition (NC), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), AD, and non-AD dementias (nADD).

Basilar Artery Bands: Anatomic and Histologic Study with Application to Coiling and Stenting Procedures.

Background: Internal bands of the basilar artery (BA) have been rarely studied. Because bands could have obvious consequences in patient diagnosis and care, the present multiinstitutional cadaveric study was performed.

Methods: The intraluminal bands of BAs were studied in 80 cadaveric specimens derived from India (Group 1) and the United States (Group 2).

Acute Myelopathy: Vascular and Infectious Diseases.

Vascular and infectious causes are rare but important causes of spinal cord injury. High suspicion for these processes is necessary, as symptoms may progress over hours to days, resulting in delayed presentation and diagnosis and worse outcomes. History and clinical examination findings can assist with localization of the affected vascular territory and spinal level, which will assist with focusing spinal imaging.

Spinal Epidural Venous Plexus Pathology in Hirayama Disease.

Hirayama disease is a rare juvenile amyotrophy that is often misdiagnosed as an unrelated, relentlessly progressive disease. We present the case of an 18-year-old man who presented with weakness and atrophy of the right forearm and hand. Dynamic cervical magnetic resonance imaging was used, revealing the classic findings of epidural venous plexus dilation and anterior displacement of the dural sac.

CT Attenuation of Acute Subdural Hematomas in Patients with Anemia.

Background And Purpose: Isodense and hypodense acute subdural hematomas have been reported in the literature in anemic patients. The purpose of this study is to see if there is a statistically significant difference between the Hounsfield unit measurements of acute subdural hematomas in anemic and nonanemic patients.

Methods: A total of 109 patients were analyzed.

Diagnostic Features of Emphysematous Osteomyelitis.

Emphysematous osteomyelitis (EO) is a rare, aggressive, and potentially fatal variant of osteomyelitis related to gas-forming organisms. Imaging plays a vital role in diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to describe a novel and distinct imaging sign of EO, by analysis of the imaging characteristics of 3 newly identified cases of EO as well as all reported cases in the literature.

Radiation-Induced Painful Neurogenic Hypertrophy Treated With Botulinum Toxin A.

Painful neurogenic hypertrophy is a rare complication of radiation therapy. We report a 27-year-old woman with a history of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the submandibular gland presented with painful twitching of her left shoulder. Electrodiagnostic studies were consistent with a diagnosis of radiation-induced spinal accessory nerve hyperactivity.

Case Report: Zika Virus Meningoencephalitis and Myelitis and Associated Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings.

Zika virus (ZIKV) has a wide clinical spectrum of associated neurologic disease including microcephaly and Guillain-Barre syndrome but, despite its known neurotropism, ZIKV meningoencephalitis and myelitis have been rare complications. We describe a case of ZIKV meningoencephalitis and probable myelitis and its associated magnetic resonance imaging findings that rapidly resolved during recovery in a previously healthy adult.

Usage of an Electronic Database and Checklist System for Improvement in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Acquisition.

Purpose: To determine whether implementation of an easily accessible electronic database promotes significant reporting of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) acquisition errors. Additionally, we wanted to see if analysis of the error reports could be used to create a comprehensive checklist to avoid the most common errors.

Methods: A new, simple, and efficient electronic database reporting system was written in-house and implemented at our institution.

Emergency Magnetic Resonance Imaging 3-Tiered Prioritization.

Background/purpose: Traditional methods for prioritization are limited and insufficient for today's magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demands. In particular, the discrepancy in urgency of the heterogeneous emergency department (ED) patient population necessitates risk stratification to meet different degrees of urgency. The purpose of this study is to more effectively prioritize the MRI imaging needs of ED patients commensurate with the severity of their presenting illness.

Barraquer-Simons Syndrome.

Background: Barraquer-Simons syndrome (BSS) is a rare acquired lipodystrophy characterized by gradually symmetric subcutaneous fat loss in a craniocaudal distribution, associated with hypocomplementemia, diabetes and hypertriglyceridemia. Few investigators have studied body fat distribution with cross-sectional imaging techniques.

Methods: We present 2 cases of BSS with emphasis on phenotypic analysis through cross-sectional imaging.

Complete, bilateral hippocampal ischemia: a case series.

Acute and complete ischemia of the hippocampi represents a rare cause of amnesia. This paper describes the features of four such cases presenting to a single tertiary care center over a 3-year period. Interestingly, in three instances, toxicology screening was positive for opioids at the time of presentation, while in the fourth, there was a known, reportedly remote, history of heroin use.

Triticeous Cartilage CT Imaging Characteristics, Prevalence, Extent, and Distribution of Ossification.

Objective: The triticeous cartilage is a small ovoid cartilaginous structure variably present as a component of the laryngeal skeleton. This structure has received scant attention in the literature and has yet to be described adequately on cross-sectional imaging.

Study Design And Setting: Retrospective study in a tertiary medical center.