Metal Nanoparticle-Based Biosensors for the Early Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases Caused by ESKAPE Pathogens in the Fight against the Antimicrobial-Resistance Crisis.

The species included in the ESKAPE group (, , , , and the genus ) have a high capacity to develop antimicrobial resistance (AMR), a health problem that is already among the leading causes of death and could kill 10 million people a year by 2050. The generation of new potentially therapeutic molecules has been insufficient to combat the AMR "crisis", and the World Health Organization (WHO) has stated that it will seek to promote the development of rapid diagnostic strategies. The physicochemical properties of metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) have made it possible to design biosensors capable of identifying low concentrations of ESKAPE bacteria in the short term; other systems identify antimicrobial susceptibility, and some have been designed with dual activity in situ (bacterial detection and antimicrobial activity), which suggests that, in the near future, multifunctional biosensors could exist based on MNPs capable of quickly identifying bacterial pathogens in clinical niches might become commercially available.

complex in cystic fibrosis: critical gaps in diagnosis and therapy.

complex () is a bacterial group with 'natural' multi-antimicrobial resistance. This complex has generated epidemic outbreaks across the world. In people with cystic fibrosis (CF), can cause severe lung infections that lead to accelerated lung damage, which can be complicated by necrotizing pneumonia accompanied by high fevers, leucocytosis, and bacteraemia, which commonly causes fatal outcomes.

Diagnosis and Therapeutic Strategies Based on Nucleic Acid Aptamers Selected against Pseudomonas aeruginosa: The Challenge of Cystic Fibrosis.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a rapidly spreading global health problem, and approximately five million deaths associated with AMR pathogens were identified prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. Pseudomonas aeruginosa has developed increasing AMR, and in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) colonized by this bacterium, rare phenotypes have emerged that complicate the diagnosis and treatment of the hosts, in addition to multiple associated "epidemic strains" with high morbidities and mortalities. The conjugation of aptamers with fluorochromes or nanostructures has allowed the design of new identification strategies for Pseudomonas aeruginosa with detection limits of up to 1 cell ⋅ mL , and the synergy of aptamers with antibiotics, antimicrobial peptides and nanostructures has exhibited promising therapeutic qualities.

Aptamers coupled to nanoparticles in the diagnosis and treatment of microbial infections.

There are nanoparticles with remarkable antibacterial characteristics and aptamers able to recognize specific pathogenic bacteria with high affinity and specificity. The combination of both systems has been used to design rapid bacterial detection methods with excellent detection limits. Likewise, the synergism between aptamers and nanoparticles have allowed to optimize the antimicrobial activity of antibiotics and other nanostructures providing them with activity bacterium-specific, turning into attractive and promising tools to fight against bacteria resistant to multiple antimicrobials.