Separation of life stages within anaerobic fungi (Neocallimastigomycota) highlights differences in global transcription and metabolism.

Anaerobic gut fungi of the phylum Neocallimastigomycota are microbes proficient in valorizing low-cost but difficult-to-breakdown lignocellulosic plant biomass. Characterization of different fungal life stages and how they contribute to biomass breakdown are critical for biotechnological applications, yet we lack foundational knowledge about the transcriptional, metabolic, and enzyme secretion behavior of different life stages of anaerobic gut fungi: zoospores, germlings, immature thalli, and mature zoosporangia. A Miracloth-based technique was developed to enrich cell pellets with zoospores - the free-swimming, flagellated, young life stage of anaerobic gut fungi.

Genome-scale model development and genomic sequencing of the oleaginous clade .

The clade contains oleaginous yeast species with advantageous metabolic features for biochemical and biofuel production. Limited knowledge about the metabolic networks of the species and limited tools for genetic engineering have led to a relatively small amount of research on the microbes. Here, a genome-scale metabolic model (GSM) of NRRL Y-11557 was built using orthologous protein mappings to model yeast species.

Tracing the spatiotemporal phylodynamics of Japanese encephalitis virus genotype I throughout Asia and the western Pacific.

Background: Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV; Flaviridae: Flavivirus) causes Japanese encephalitis (JE), which is the most important arboviral disease in Asia and the western Pacific. Among the five JEV genotypes (GI-V), GI has dominated traditional epidemic regions in the past 20 years. We investigated the transmission dynamics of JEV GI through genetic analyses.

The western redcedar genome reveals low genetic diversity in a self-compatible conifer.

We assembled the 9.8-Gbp genome of western redcedar (WRC; ), an ecologically and economically important conifer species of the Cupressaceae. The genome assembly, derived from a uniquely inbred tree produced through five generations of self-fertilization (selfing), was determined to be 86% complete by BUSCO analysis, one of the most complete genome assemblies for a conifer.

The landscape of Chlamydomonas histone H3 lysine 4 methylation reveals both constant features and dynamic changes during the diurnal cycle.

Chromatin modifications are epigenetic regulatory features with major roles in various cellular events, yet they remain understudied in algae. We interrogated the genome-wide distribution pattern of mono- and trimethylated histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) using chromatin-immunoprecipitation followed by deep-sequencing (ChIP-seq) during key phases of the Chlamydomonas cell cycle: early G phase, Zeitgeber Time 1 (ZT1), when cells initiate biomass accumulation, S/M phase (ZT13) when cells are replicating DNA and undergoing mitosis, and late G phase (ZT23) when they are quiescent. Tri-methylated H3K4 was predominantly enriched at transcription start sites of the majority of protein coding genes (85%).

Fungi Modulate the Switchgrass Root Transcriptome to Circumvent Host Defenses and Establish a Symbiotic Relationship.

The fungal family Serendipitaceae encompasses root-associated lineages with endophytic, ericoid, orchid, and ectomycorrhizal lifestyles. Switchgrass is an important bioenergy crop for cellulosic ethanol production owing to high biomass production on marginal soils otherwise unfit for food crop cultivation. The aim of this study was to investigate the host plant responses to spp.

CreA-mediated repression of gene expression occurs at low monosaccharide levels during fungal plant biomass conversion in a time and substrate dependent manner.

Carbon catabolite repression enables fungi to utilize the most favourable carbon source in the environment, and is mediated by a key regulator, CreA, in most fungi. CreA-mediated regulation has mainly been studied at high monosaccharide concentrations, an uncommon situation in most natural biotopes. In nature, many fungi rely on plant biomass as their major carbon source by producing enzymes to degrade plant cell wall polysaccharides into metabolizable sugars.

Serological and molecular epidemiology of Japanese Encephalitis in Zhejiang, China, 2015-2018.

Background: Shifts have occurred in the epidemiological characteristics of Japanese encephalitis (JE), extending from the molecular level to the population level. The aim of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of JE neutralizing antibodies in healthy populations from different age groups in Zhejiang Province, and to conduct mosquito monitoring to evaluate the infection rate of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) among vectors, as well as the molecular characteristics of the E gene of isolated JEV strains.

Methodology/principal Findings: A total of 1190 sera samples were screened by a microseroneutralization test, including 429 infants (28d-11m) and 761 participants (2y-82y).

Acute Flaccid Myelitis in Children in Zhejiang Province, China.

In July-December 2018, an outbreak of polio-like acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) occurred in Zhejiang province, China. Enterovirus (EV)-D68 infection has been reported to be associated with AFM. This study aimed to investigate the clinical presentation, laboratory findings, and outcomes of AFM patients.

Chikungunya Fever Outbreak, Zhejiang Province, China, 2017.

We report a disease outbreak caused by chikungunya virus in Zhejiang Province, China, in August 2017. Phylogenic analysis indicated that this virus belonged to the Indian Ocean clade of the East/Central/South African genotype and was imported by a traveler returning from Bangladesh.

Transcriptomic atlas of mushroom development reveals conserved genes behind complex multicellularity in fungi.

The evolution of complex multicellularity has been one of the major transitions in the history of life. In contrast to simple multicellular aggregates of cells, it has evolved only in a handful of lineages, including animals, embryophytes, red and brown algae, and fungi. Despite being a key step toward the evolution of complex organisms, the evolutionary origins and the genetic underpinnings of complex multicellularity are incompletely known.

Sero-molecular epidemiology of enterovirus-associated encephalitis in Zhejiang Province, China, from 2014 to 2017.

Background: Recently, both sporadic and outbreak aseptic meningitis caused by enteroviruses have been reported in Zhejiang Province based on a surveillance system.

Methods: This study analysed the epidemiologic features, phylogenetic characteristics and prevalence of enterovirus neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) from 2014 to 2017 in Zhejiang Province.

Results: A total of 584 samples were collected.

Epidemiological Characterization of the 2017 Dengue Outbreak in Zhejiang, China and Molecular Characterization of the Viruses.

Dengue, a mosquito-borne disease caused by the dengue virus (DV), has been recognized as a global public health threat. In 2017, an unexpected dengue outbreak occurred in Zhejiang, China. To clarify and characterize the causative agent of this outbreak, data on dengue fever cases were collected from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention in Zhejiang province for subsequent epidemiological analysis.

Characterization of a large sex determination region in Salix purpurea L. (Salicaceae).

Dioecy has evolved numerous times in plants, but heteromorphic sex chromosomes are apparently rare. Sex determination has been studied in multiple Salix and Populus (Salicaceae) species, and P. trichocarpa has an XY sex determination system on chromosome 19, while S.

Development of multiplex real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay for simultaneous detection of Zika, dengue, yellow fever, and chikungunya viruses in a single tube.

Zika virus (ZIKV), dengue virus (DENV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and yellow fever virus (YFV) share the same mosquito vectors and have similar clinical manifestations early stage of infection. Therefore, simultaneously differentiating these viruses from each other is necessary. We developed a multiplex real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay for the differentiation of these four viruses in a single tube.

Molecular Epidemiology and Prevalence of Echovirus 30 in Zhejiang Province, China, from 2002 to 2015.

Echovirus serotype 30 (ECHO30) has been responsible for several recent worldwide outbreaks of viral meningitis. In Zhejiang Province, China, ECHO30 has been one of the main causes of viral meningitis for years. This study, using phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 gene, was performed to investigate the general molecular epidemiology and genetic patterns of ECHO30 circulating in Zhejiang Province between the years 2002 and 2015.

Insights into the red algae and eukaryotic evolution from the genome of (Bangiophyceae, Rhodophyta).

(laver) belongs to an ancient group of red algae (Bangiophyceae), is harvested for human food, and thrives in the harsh conditions of the upper intertidal zone. Here we present the 87.7-Mbp haploid genome (65.

Laboratory diagnosis and genetic analysis of a family clustering outbreak of aseptic meningitis due to echovirus 30.

Echovirus 30 (E30) is a major pathogen associated with aseptic meningitis. In the summer of 2014, a family clustering aseptic meningitis outbreak occurred in urban-rural fringe of Ningbo city in Zhejiang Province in China. To identify the etiologic agent, specimens were tested by cell culture and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction.

Sero-Molecular Epidemiology of Japanese Encephalitis in Zhejiang, an Eastern Province of China.

Background: Sporadic Japanese encephalitis (JE) cases still have been reported in Zhejiang Province in recent years, and concerns about vaccine cross-protection and population-level immunity have been raised off and on within the public health sphere. Genotype I (GI) has replaced GIII as the dominant genotype in Asian countries during the past few decades, which caused considerable concerns about the potential change of epidemiology characteristics and the vaccine effectiveness. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of JE neutralizing antibody and its waning antibody trend after live attenuated JE vaccine immunization.

[Etiology and molecular-epidemiological characteristics of viral meningoencephalitis of Zhejiang province in 2013].

Objective: To investigate pathogens and molecular-epidemiology characteristics of viral meningoencephalitis in the monitoring sites of Zhejiang province, 2013.

Methods: Cerebrospinal fluid and/or stool specimens were collected from suspected patients admitted to the monitoring hospitals in southern and northern Zhejiang province. Such specimen were subject to real-time qPCR for the detection of Human enterovirus (HEV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), Mumps virus (MuV), Herpes simplex virus (HSV) and Cytomegalovirus (CMV).

[Study on the genotypic characteristics of Japanese encephalitis virus and serology in the healthy population of Zhejiang province, 2012-2013].

Objective: To understand the genotypic characteristics and the neutralizing antibody levels of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and Japanese encephalitis (JE) in both vector mosquitoes and in healthy people of Zhejiang province.

Methods: Virus was isolated from mosquitos sampled from the Monitoring Stations located in Xianju county during 2012 to 2013. Phylogenetic and homological studies were carried out on the E gene.