Evidence for two types of and its implications for adaptation to new environments.

Spurs have played an important role in the radiation of the genus , but little is known about how the spurless state arose in . Here we aim to characterize the genetic divergence within and gain insights into the origin of this species. A total of 19 populations from and 23 populations from three of its closest relatives (, and ) were sampled in this study.

Divergence in the Aquilegia ecalcarata complex is correlated with geography and climate oscillations: Evidence from plastid genome data.

Quaternary climate oscillations and geographical heterogeneity play important roles in determining species and genetic diversity distribution patterns, but how these factors affect the migration and differentiation of East Asian plants species at the population level remains poorly understood. The Aquilegia ecalcarata complex, a group that originated in the Late Tertiary and is widely distributed throughout East Asia, displays high genetic variation that is suitable for studying elaborate phylogeographic patterns and demographic history related to the impact of Quaternary climate and geography. We used plastid genome data from 322 individuals in 60 populations of the A.

The dispersal-related traits of an invasive plant correlate with elevation during range expansion into mountain ranges.

Detecting shifts in trait values among populations of an invasive plant is important for assessing invasion risks and predicting future spread. Although a growing number of studies suggest that the dispersal propensity of invasive plants increases during range expansion, there has been relatively little attention paid to dispersal patterns along elevational gradients. In this study, we tested the differentiation of dispersal-related traits in an invasive plant, , across populations at different elevations in the Qinling and Bashan Mountains in central China.

Effects of ultrasound and additives on the function and structure of trypsin.

Encapsulating proteins in polymeric microspheres is a useful mode of drug delivery, but the proteins are subjected to damage in the process of ultrasound emulsion microencapsulation. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of ultrasound power and duration on the function and structure of trypsin, and the reason of protein denaturation when it was irradiated by 20 kHz ultrasound. The relatively stable enzyme, trypsin, was dissolved in aqueous solution in the presence and absence of additives to study the stability of trypsin during the ultrasound irradiation.