Emerging Roles of Using Small Extracellular Vesicles as an Anti-Cancer Drug.

Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are emerging as a novel therapeutic strategy for cancer therapy. Tumor-cell-derived sEVs contain biomolecules that can be utilized for cancer diagnosis. sEVs can directly exert tumor-killing effects or modulate the tumor microenvironment, leading to anti-cancer effects.

Therapeutic Application of Exosomes in Inflammatory Diseases.

Immunomodulation is on the cusp of being an important therapy for treating many diseases, due to the significant role of the immune system in defending the human body. Although the immune system is an essential defense system, overactivity can result in diverse sicknesses such as inflammation and autoimmune disease. Exosomes are emerging as a state-of-the-art therapeutic strategy for treating an overactive immune system.

Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives on Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes as a New Therapeutic Agent.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are on the cusp of regenerative medicine due to their differentiation capacity, favorable culture conditions, ability to be manipulated in vitro, and strong immunomodulatory activity. Recent studies indicate that the pleiotropic effects of MSCs, especially their immunomodulatory potential, can be largely attributed to paracrine factors. Exosomes, vesicles that are 30-150 nanometers in diameter that function in cell-cell communication, are one of the key paracrine effectors.