Microvilli control the morphogenesis of the tectorial membrane extracellular matrix.

The apical extracellular matrix (aECM), organized by polarized epithelial cells, exhibits complex structures. The tectorial membrane (TM), an aECM in the cochlea mediating auditory transduction, exhibits highly ordered domain-specific architecture. α-Tectorin (TECTA), a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored ECM protein, is essential for TM organization.

The transcription factor BBX regulates phosphate homeostasis through the modulation of FGF23.

Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) plays an important role in phosphate homeostasis, and increased FGF23 levels result in hypophosphatemia; however, the molecular mechanism underlying increased FGF23 expression has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we found that mice lacking the bobby sox homolog (Bbx) presented increased FGF23 expression and low phosphate levels in the serum and skeletal abnormalities such as a low bone mineral density (BMD) and bone volume (BV), as well as short and weak bones associated with low bone formation. Osteocyte-specific deletion of Bbx using Dmp-1-Cre resulted in similar skeletal abnormalities, elevated serum FGF23 levels, and reduced serum phosphate levels.

Glycinamide Facilitates Nanocomplex Formation and Functions Synergistically with Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 to Promote Osteoblast Differentiation In Vitro and Bone Regeneration in a Mouse Calvarial Defect Model.

Background: This study aimed to identify glycine analogs conducive to the formation of cell-absorbable nanocomplexes, enhancing collagen synthesis and subsequent osteogenesis in combination with BMP2 for improved bone regeneration.

Methods: Glycine and its derivatives were assessed for their effects on osteogenic differentiation in MC3T3-E1 cells and human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) under osteogenic conditions or with BMP2. Osteogenic differentiation was assessed through alkaline phosphatase staining and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR).

Napyradiomycin B4 Suppresses RANKL-Induced Osteoclastogenesis and Prevents Alveolar Bone Destruction in Experimental Periodontitis.

The unique structure and beneficial biological properties of marine natural products have drawn interest in drug development. Here, we examined the therapeutic potential of napyradiomycin B4 isolated from marine-derived species for osteoclast-related skeletal diseases. Bone marrow-derived macrophages were treated with napyradiomycin B4 in an osteoclast-inducing medium, and osteoclast formation, osteoclast-specific gene expression, and nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1) localization were evaluated using tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining, real-time PCR, and immunostaining, respectively.

Early Postoperative Benefits in Receptive and Expressive Language Development After Cochlear Implantation Under 9 Months of Age in Comparison to Implantation at Later Ages.

Objectives: The recent expansion of eligibility for cochlear implantation (CI) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to include infants as young as 9 months has reignited debates concerning the clinically appropriate cut-off age for pediatric CI.

Microvilli regulate the release modes of alpha-tectorin to organize the domain-specific matrix architecture of the tectorial membrane.

The tectorial membrane (TM) is an apical extracellular matrix (ECM) in the cochlea essential for auditory transduction. The TM exhibits highly ordered domain-specific architecture. Alpha-tectorin/TECTA is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored ECM protein essential for TM organization.

Britanin inhibits titanium wear particle‑induced osteolysis and osteoclastogenesis.

Wear particle‑induced osteolysis is a serious complication that occurs in individuals with titanium (Ti)‑based implants following long‑term usage due to loosening of the implants. The control of excessive osteoclast differentiation and inflammation is essential for protecting against wear particle‑induced osteolysis. The present study evaluated the effect of britanin, a pseudoguaianolide sesquiterpene isolated from , on osteoclastogenesis and Ti particle‑induced osteolysis .

Suppressive effects of (-)-tubaic acid on RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption.

Regulation of osteoclastogenesis and bone-resorbing activity can be an efficacious strategy for treating bone loss diseases because excessive osteoclastic bone resorption leads to the development of such diseases. Here, we investigated the role of (-)-tubaic acid, a thermal degradation product of rotenone, in osteoclast formation and function in an attempt to identify alternative natural compounds. (-)-Tubaic acid significantly inhibited receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-mediated osteoclast differentiation at both the early and late stages, suggesting that (-)-tubaic acid affects the commitment and differentiation of osteoclast progenitors as well as the cell-cell fusion of mononuclear osteoclasts.

The Neuropeptide Spexin Promotes the Osteoblast Differentiation of MC3T3-E1 Cells via the MEK/ERK Pathway and Bone Regeneration in a Mouse Calvarial Defect Model.

Background: The neural regulation of bone regeneration has emerged recently. Spexin (SPX) is a novel neuropeptide and regulates multiple biological functions. However, the effects of SPX on osteogenic differentiation need to be further investigated.

Secretoneurin, a Neuropeptide, Enhances Bone Regeneration in a Mouse Calvarial Bone Defect Model.

Background: This study investigates the effects of a neuropeptide, secretoneurin (SN), on bone regeneration in an experimental mouse model.

Methods: The effects of SN on cell proliferation, osteoblast marker genes expression, and mineralization were evaluated using the CCK-8 assay, quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and alizarin red S staining, respectively. To examine the effects of SN on bone regeneration in vivo, bone defects were created in the calvaria of ICR mice, and 0.

Bobby sox homolog regulates tooth root formation through modulation of dentin sialophosphoprotein.

Tooth root development occurs through the interaction of multiple growth factors and transcription factors expressed in Hertwig's epithelial root sheath (HERS) and dental mesenchyme. Previously, we demonstrated that bobby sox homolog (Bbx) regulates odontoblast differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells. Here, we generated Bbx knockout (Bbx ) mice to address the functional role of Bbx in tooth formation.

The release of surface-anchored α-tectorin, an apical extracellular matrix protein, mediates tectorial membrane organization.

The tectorial membrane (TM) is an apical extracellular matrix (ECM) that hovers over the cochlear sensory epithelium and plays an essential role in auditory transduction. The TM forms facing the luminal endolymph-filled space and exhibits complex ultrastructure. Contrary to the current extracellular assembly model, which posits that secreted collagen fibrils and ECM components self-arrange in the extracellular space, we show that surface tethering of α-tectorin (TECTA) via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor is essential to prevent diffusion of secreted TM components.

Stimulatory Effects of KPR-A148 on Osteoblast Differentiation and Bone Regeneration.

Background: Xanthine derivatives have been used to treat a variety of medical conditions including respiratory disease and neural degeneration. However, few studies have reported their effects on bone regeneration. Therefore, we investigated the effects of KPR-A148, a synthetic xanthine derivative on osteoblast differentiation and bone regeneration .

Fermented Oyster Extract Prevents Ovariectomy-Induced Bone Loss and Suppresses Osteoclastogenesis.

There is growing interest in bioactive substances from marine organisms for their potential use against diverse human diseases. Osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder associated with bone loss primarily occurring through enhanced osteoclast differentiation and resorption. Recently, we reported the anti-osteoclastogenic activity of fermented Pacific oyster () extract (FO) in vitro.

A novel benzamide derivative protects ligature-induced alveolar bone erosion by inhibiting NFATc1-mediated osteoclastogenesis.

Since elevated osteoclast formation and/or activity by inhibitory responses against pathogens leads to diverse osteolytic bone diseases including periodontitis, inhibition of osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption has been a primary therapeutic strategy. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of a novel benzamide-linked molecule, OCLI-070, for preventing alveolar bone loss in mice with ligature-induced experimental periodontitis. OCLI-070 inhibited osteoclast formation by acting on both early and late stages of differentiation, and attenuated the induction of nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1) and the expression of osteoclast-specific genes.

Magnesium phosphate ceramics incorporating a novel indene compound promote osteoblast differentiation in vitro and bone regeneration in vivo.

Incorporating bioactive molecules into synthetic ceramic scaffolds is challenging. In this study, to enhance bone regeneration, a magnesium phosphate (MgP) ceramic scaffold was incorporated with a novel indene compound, KR-34893. KR-34893 induced the deposition of minerals and expression of osteoblast marker genes in primary human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and a mouse osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cell line.

Afatinib ameliorates osteoclast differentiation and function through downregulation of RANK signaling pathways.

Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the third most common cancer that spreads to the bone, resulting in osteolytic lesions caused by hyperactivation of osteoclasts. Activating mutations in epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase (EGF-TK) are frequently associated with NSCLC, and afatinib is a first-line therapeutic drug, irreversibly targeting EGF-TK. However, the effects of afatinib on osteoclast differentiation and activation as well as the underlying mechanism remain unclear.

OCLI-023, a Novel Pyrimidine Compound, Suppresses Osteoclastogenesis In Vitro and Alveolar Bone Resorption In Vivo.

An abnormal increase in osteoclast differentiation and activation results in various bone-resorptive diseases, including periodontitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoporosis. Chemical compounds containing pyrimidine ring have been shown to regulate a variety of biological processes. Therefore, in order to identify an antiresorptive agent, we synthesized a series of pyrimidine ring-containing chemical compounds, and found that OCLI-023 suppressed the differentiation and activation of osteoclasts in vitro.

Effect of the biodegradation rate controlled by pore structures in magnesium phosphate ceramic scaffolds on bone tissue regeneration in vivo.

Unlabelled: Similar to calcium phosphates, magnesium phosphate (MgP) ceramics have been shown to be biocompatible and support favorable conditions for bone cells. Micropores below 25μm (MgP25), between 25 and 53μm (MgP53), or no micropores (MgP0) were introduced into MgP scaffolds using different sizes of an NaCl template. The porosities of MgP25 and MgP53 were found to be higher than that of MgP0 because of their micro-sized pores.

Extracellular calcium-binding peptide-modified ceramics stimulate regeneration of calvarial bone defects.

Secreted protein, acidic, cysteine-rich (SPARC)-related modular calcium binding 1 (SMOC1) has been implicated in the regulation of osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). In this study, we found that a peptide (16 amino acids in length), which is located in the extracellular calcium (EC) binding domain of SMOC1, stimulated osteogenic differentiation of human BMSCs and calvarial bone regeneration . Treatment of BMSCs with SMOC1-EC peptide significantly stimulated their mineralization in a dose-dependent manner without changing their rate of proliferation.

Inhibitory effects of triptolide on titanium particle-induced osteolysis and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand-mediated osteoclast differentiation.

Purpose: We examined the effects of triptolide on receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation and on titanium (Ti) particle-induced osteolysis.

Methods: To examine the effect of triptolide on osteoclast differentiation, bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) were treated with 100 ng/mL of RANKL and 30 ng/mL of macrophage-colony stimulating factor, or co-cultured with osteoblasts stimulated with 10 nM vitamin D3 and 1 μM prostaglandin E2 in the presence or absence of triptolide (2.8-14 nM).

MYOD mediates skeletal myogenic differentiation of human amniotic fluid stem cells and regeneration of muscle injury.

Introduction: Human amniotic fluid stem (hAFS) cells have been shown to differentiate into multiple lineages, including myoblasts. However, molecular mechanisms underlying the myogenic differentiation of hAFS cells and their regenerative potential for muscle injury remain to be elucidated.

Methods: In order to induce myogenic differentiation of hAFS cells, lentiviruses for MYOD were constructed and transduced into hAFS cells.