[Spontaneous tendon ruptures of identified etiology (author's transl)].

The authors found in the material of the National Institute of Traumatology among the 650 cases of spontaneous tendon ruptures seven cases of rupture, when an identified disease localized on the tendon was the precipitating cause. Aetiology of the rupture has been as follows: tendon tuberculosis, rheumatic tendinitis xantoma tuberosum, haemangioma and pseudocyst of the tendon. In two other cases muscle biopsy revealed a concealed myopathy (central core disease and centronuclear myopathy) that may responsible for the rupture of the tendon.

Hepatitis syphilitica. A clinico-pathological study of 25 cases.

Specific histological alterations have been observed in 23 of the 25 patients with early syphilis with laboratory findings suggesting liver damage. Treponema has been detected in the areas of liver lesion in 70 per cent of the patients. Control examination carried out after penicillin therapy showed regression of the alterations.

[Serum immunoglobulin and glycoprotein concentration and mesenchymal reaction in chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis].

In the liver needle biopsy specimens of 45 patients with hepatitis chronica persistents, hepatitis chronica aggressiva and cirrhosis of the liver the number of lymphoid cells and fibroblasts, and in the serum of the same patients concentration of IgG, IgA, IgM, alfa-2-macroglobulin and coeuroplasmin was examined. It was established that 1. the number of lymphoid cells and fibroblasts in the liver tissue of patients with hepatitis chronica aggressiva and cirrhosis of the liver increases significantly, 2.

[Observations of ultrastructural changes on prepared homologous tendon transplants in humans (author's transl)].

Authors have investigated the ultrastructural morphology of transformation of homologous human tendon transplants. Tenoblasts and mast cells were found next to collagenous fibres originating in the transplant and disintegrating in the voluminous ground substance. The formation of new collagen tissue was of different grades; areas of only a few fibres and areas with oriented fibres were both present.

Intramitochondrial calcification and myocardial inclusions in the rabbit due to anoxic hypoxia.

Intramitochondrial calcium granules and calcification of the mitochondrial cristae were examined in myocardial cells of rabbits in acute anoxic hypoxia, under normal circulation. The alterations were noted first after 2 hours of hypoxia, and became progressively larger and more ubiquitous with increasing periods of anoxic hypoxia. After 8 hours or longer hypoxia intramitochondrial "cristalloids" were found in some mitochondria.

Mucosubstances in the human skeletal muscles.

With histomchemical, and electronmicroscopic-histochemical methods two types of human skeletal muscle fibres were established. The first type of muscle fibres does not contain acidic mucosubstances. The staining reactions and cellulase digestion indicate that, the neutral polysaccharides are cellulose-like substances.

[Ultrastructural changes of human skeletal muscle after tendon and nerve injuries. II. Fine-structural alterations of the hand muscles after injuries of the motor nerve (author's transl)].

The authors examined the fine structural alterations of the muscles after traumatic neurotomy. The most important changes were forro found on the contractile elements, especially atrophy, and fragmentation. The number of mitochondria and sarcoplasmatic reticulum decreased both the glycogen content of sarcoplasma increased.

[Ultrastructural changes of human skeletal muscle after tendon and nerve injuries. I. Fine-structural changes of the hand muscles after tendor injuries (author's transl)].

During reconstructive procedures performed 4--16 weeks after the tendon lesion the specimens obtained from the injured muscle have been examined by the authors. It was found that after the tendon injury inactivity atrophy develops and a condition of equilibrum could be observed at this time. The most important changes in the fine structure were seen in the contractile elements: there were atrophied, homogenized, fragmentated and ragged independently from the functional unities.

Chronic hepatitis; prognostic aspects.

Chronic hepatitis was diagnosed on the basis of biochemical, immunological and morphological criteria in 153 cases. On the evidence of observations for a mean period of four years the prognosis of chronic persistent hepatitis is regarded as favourable, no progression to chronic aggressive hepatitis or to cirrhosis having been observed in any of the cases. On the other hand, chronic aggressive hepatitis was found to progress to cirrhosis in 12 out of 65 cases.

[Effect of operations in a bloodless field on the fine structure of the hand muscles].

For young and healthy patients undergoing reconstructive operations following tendon or nerve lesions histological examination of the intrinsic muscle was performed. The authors have not found any morphological alterations following the use of a tourniquet up to two hours even if the muscles have been damaged by the injury.

Histochemical and ultrastructural alterations of the duodenum in acute hypoxia.

Laboratory animals were kept for 2, 8 and 16 hours in a pressure chamber, the air of which contained 8% O2 and 92% N2. Histochemical and ultrastructural examinations revealed the following duodenal alterations: 1. The alkaline phosphatase activity of the epithelium and glandular epithelium showed no alteration; the acid phosphatase activity was slightly increased in hypoxia.

[Clinical aspects and pathology of traumatic lesions of the optic nerve].

The cause of the unilateral complete blindness (amaurosis traumatica) occurring in the case of closed cranial injury has been sought for in the optic nerve canal (canalis opticus syndrome). For the decompression of the optic nerve surgical approach has been performed in several institutes and by various neurosurgeons. These interventions lead to no result, irrespective of the time of the operation or the surgical technique.

Early syphilitic hepatitis.

17 out of 175 cases of early syphilis had clinical, biochemical, and immunological evidence of liver damage. Before penicillin therapy the histological appearance of the liver was abnormal in 14 of the 15 patients from whom biopsy specimens were obtained. In 7 cases, treponemes were seen in the liver.

Syphilitic hepatitis: clinical, immunological and morphological aspects.

In 17 out of 176 cases of early syphilis (seropositive syphillis I; syphilis II) liver function tests yielded a positive result. In these patients a significant increase in the serum IgG, IgM and coeruloplasmin levels and a decrease in t4e transferrin level was found. The concentrations of alpha-2-macroglobulin and of beta-1-C-globulin were practically uneffected.

Mesenchymal reaction and serum glycoprotein concentration in chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis.

In liver biopsy specimens of 45 patients with chronic persistent hepatitis, chronic aggressive hepatitis and liver cirrhosis the number of lymphoid cells and fibroblasts as well as in the sera of the same patients the concentration of IgG, IgA, IgM, alpha-2-macroglobulin and coeruloplasmin have been studied. The number of lymphoid cells and fibroblasts, was significantly elevated in chronic aggressive hepatitis and liver cirrhosis; a close correlation could be demonstrated between the number of the lymphoid cells and the IgG concentration; the serum alpha-2-macroglobulin level changed parallel to the number of liver fibroblasts in chronic aggressive hepatitis and liver cirrhosis.

Histochemical and electron microscopical studies of skeletal muscle affected by gas gangrene.

Ultrastructural and histochemical changes of skeletal muscle were studied in three patients affected with gas gangrene. There was complete lack of the phosphorylase, succinate dehydrogenase and adenosine triphosphatase activities in the affected muscles of all the patients. In unaffected muscles these enzymes showed weaker activities than in norm.

Light and electron microscopic studies of the pulmonary alveolar surfactant.

22 methods of light and electron microscopy have been tested for the identification of the pulmonary alveolar surfactant. Among the non electron microscopic methods Romhányi's anisotropic staining with toluidine blue was the most serviceable. In addition to simple performance it allows the identification of the smallest alteration -- not to be identified by other methods -- of the alveolar surfactant.