New insights into the early morphological evolution of sea turtles by re-investigation of , a three-dimensionally preserved fossil stem chelonioid from the Campanian of Alberta, Canada.

Unlabelled: The early evolution of Pan-Chelonioidea (sea turtles) is poorly understood. This is in part due to the rarity of undeformed skulls of definitive early stem chelonioids. In this work, we redescribe the holotype of using µCT scans and segmentations of the skull.

Diversity and biogeography of South American mud turtles elucidated by multilocus DNA sequencing (Testudines: Kinosternidae).

Kinosternon is the most speciose genus of extant turtles, with 22 currently recognized species, distributed across large parts of the Americas. Most species have small distributions, but K. leucostomum and K.

Sigmoid carcinoma contained within a scrotal hernia in an octogenarian: case report.

Scrotal hernias are common in the general population. Patients often present acutely reporting pain or sometimes with more severe symptoms if the hernia is strangulated or incarcerated. An 81-year-old man presented with left-sided iliac fossa pain with no other associated symptoms.

Skull osteology, neuroanatomy, and jaw-related myology of the pig-nosed turtle Carettochelys insculpta (Cryptodira, Trionychia).

The osteology, neuroanatomy, and musculature are known for most primary clades of turtles (i.e., "families"), but knowledge is still lacking for one particular clade, the Carettochelyidae.

Readmission rates following major colorectal surgery.

Background: Readmissions following colorectal surgery (CRS) have negative clinical, psychological and financial implications. Identifying patients at risk of readmission remains challenging.

Aims: To determine factors predictive of those likely to require readmission at 40-days following major CRS and to identify novel strategies capable of reducing readmissions.

Evolution and divergence of teleost adrenergic receptors: why sometimes 'the drugs don't work' in fish.

Adrenaline and noradrenaline, released as hormones and/or neurotransmitters, exert diverse physiological functions in vertebrates, and teleost fishes are widely used as model organisms to study adrenergic regulation; however, such investigations often rely on receptor subtype-specific pharmacological agents (agonists and antagonists; see Glossary) developed and validated in mammals. Meanwhile, evolutionary (phylogenetic and comparative genomic) studies have begun to unravel the diversification of adrenergic receptors (ARs) and reveal that whole-genome duplications and pseudogenization events in fishes results in notable distinctions from mammals in their genomic repertoire of ARs, while lineage-specific gene losses within teleosts have generated significant interspecific variability. In this Review, we visit the evolutionary history of ARs (including α1-, α2- and β-ARs) to highlight the prominent interspecific differences in teleosts, as well as between teleosts and other vertebrates.

Evaluating the safety profile of anti-platelet therapy in patients undergoing elective inguinal hernia repair: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Introduction: There remains no consensus surrounding the safety of prescribing anti-platelet therapies (APT) prior to elective inguinal hernia repair (IHR).

Aims: To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating the safety profile of APT use in patients indicated to undergo elective IHR.

Methods: A systematic review was performed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines.

Administering prophylactic alpha-blockade to reduce urinary retention post inguinal hernia repair: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised control trials.

Introduction: The incidence of post-operative urinary retention (POUR) following inguinal hernia repair (IHR) is approximately 0.4% - 22.0%.

Rectal cancer surgery: does low volume imply worse outcome-a single surgeon experience.

Background: The centralisation of rectal cancer management to high-volume oncology centres has translated to improved oncological and survival outcomes. We hypothesise that individual surgeon caseload, specialisation, and experience may be as significant in determining oncologic and postoperative outcomes in rectal cancer surgery.

Methods: A prospectively maintained colorectal surgery database was reviewed for patients undergoing rectal cancer surgery between January 2004 and June 2020.

Evaluating opioid prescribing patterns following discharge from elective surgical procedures: a worrying trend during the 'opioid crisis' - an audit of elective surgical procedures.

Background: The 'opioid crisis' has reached epidemic proportions globally. Importantly, 30% of opioid dependency stem from opioids obtained on hospital discharge prescriptions.

Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate opioid prescription patterns on discharge of post-operative patients in an Irish Hospital.

Evolutionary loss of the β1-adrenergic receptor in salmonids.

Whole-genome duplications (WGDs) have been at the heart of the diversification of β-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs) in vertebrates. Non-teleost jawed vertebrates typically possess three β-AR genes: adrb1 (β1-AR), adrb2 (β2-AR), and adrb3 (β3-AR), originating from the ancient 2R (two rounds) WGDs. Teleost fishes, owing to the teleost-specific WGD, have five ancestral adrb paralogs (adrb1, adrb2a, adrb2b, adrb3a and adrb3b).

Cranial and mandibular anatomy of and a new time-tree of trionychid evolution.

Unlabelled: Trionychid (softshell) turtles have a peculiar bauplan, which includes shell reductions and cranial elongation. Despite a rich fossil record dating back to the Early Cretaceous, the evolutionary origin of the trionychid bauplan is poorly understood, as even old fossils show great anatomical similarities to extant species. Documenting structural detail of fossil trionychids may help resolve the evolutionary history of the group.

Patient reported satisfaction levels with the use of telemedicine for general surgery-A systematic review of randomized control trials.

Background: As healthcare continues to evolve in the wake of COVID-19 pandemic, surgeons are presented with the opportunity to integrate telemedicine into healthcare in tandem with in-person consultations. We aimed to perform a systematic review of randomized controlled trials to assess patient satisfaction with telemedicine interventions in general surgery.

Methods: A systematic review was performed in accordance to the PRISMA guidelines.

A Revised Perspective on the Evolution of Troponin I and Troponin T Gene Families in Vertebrates.

The troponin (Tn) complex, responsible for the Ca2+ activation of striated muscle, is composed of three interacting protein subunits: TnC, TnI, and TnT, encoded by TNNC, TNNI, and TNNT genes. TNNI and TNNT are sister gene families, and in mammals the three TNNI paralogs (TNNI1, TNNI2, TNNI3), which encode proteins with tissue-specific expression, are each in close genomic proximity with one of the three TNNT paralogs (TNNT2, TNNT3, TNNT1, respectively). It has been widely presumed that all vertebrates broadly possess genes of these same three classes, although earlier work has overlooked jawless fishes (cyclostomes) and cartilaginous fishes (chimeras, rays, and sharks), which are distantly related to other jawed vertebrates.

Independent origin of large labyrinth size in turtles.

The labyrinth of the vertebrate inner ear is a sensory system that governs the perception of head rotations. Central hypotheses predict that labyrinth shape and size are related to ecological adaptations, but this is under debate and has rarely been tested outside of mammals. We analyze the evolution of labyrinth morphology and its ecological drivers in living and fossil turtles, an understudied group that underwent multiple locomotory transitions during 230 million years of evolution.

Absence of atrial smooth muscle in the heart of the loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta): a re-evaluation of its role in diving physiology.

Contraction of atrial smooth muscle in the hearts of semi-aquatic emydid turtles regulates ventricular filling, and it has been proposed that it could regulate stroke volume during characteristic rapid transitions in cardiac output associated with diving. For this hypothesis to be supported, atrial smooth muscle should be widely distributed in diving Testudines. To further understand the putative function and evolutionary significance of endocardial smooth muscle in Testudines, we studied the hearts of loggerhead sea turtles, Caretta caretta (n=7), using immunohistochemistry and histology.

A review of helochelydrid shell material from late Albian to early Cenomanian greensands of Southern England, United Kingdom.

A number of helochelydrid turtle shell remains were recovered over the course of the 19th century from mid-Cretaceous sediments throughout Southern England, including the poorly figured and described types of Trachydermochelys phlyctaenus from the Cambridge Greensand of Cambridgeshire, Plastremys lata from the Upper Greensand of the Isle of Wight, and "Trachydermochelys" rutteri from the Melbury Sandstone of Dorset. A review of stratigraphic provenience suggests that all material originates from late Late Aptian portions of the Upper Greensand or early Early Cenomanian portions of the West Melbury Marly Chalk Formation, a relatively narrow time window geologically speaking. As described, Trachydermochelys phlyctaenus is a problematic taxon, because the most plausible type series is a chimera that includes two helochelydrid morphotypes in addition to protostegid remains.

Role of cytosolic carbonic anhydrase Ca17a in cardiorespiratory responses to CO in developing zebrafish (.

The sensing of environmental fluctuations and initiation of appropriate physiological responses is crucial to homeostasis. Neuroepithelial cells (NECs) in fishes are putative chemoreceptors, resembling mammalian Type I (glomus) cells, that respond in vitro to changes in O, CO, NH, and pH. Cytosolic carbonic anhydrase (Ca17a) is thought to be involved in CO sensing owing to its presence in NECs.

Impact of frailty on oncological outcomes in patients undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer - A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Introduction: Frailty describes patients who are at an extreme risk of vulnerability to stressors that may lead to adverse clinical outcomes. The impact of frailty on clinical, oncological and survival outcomes in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains unclear.

Aim: To determine the anticipated oncological and survival outcomes for patients who are frail when diagnosed and undergo treatment with curative intent for CRC.