CX-ToM: Counterfactual explanations with theory-of-mind for enhancing human trust in image recognition models.

We propose , short for counterfactual explanations with theory-of-mind, a new explainable AI (XAI) framework for explaining decisions made by a deep convolutional neural network (CNN). In contrast to the current methods in XAI that generate explanations as a single shot response, we pose explanation as an iterative communication process, i.e.

Detecting clinically related content in online patient posts.

Patients with chronic health conditions use online health communities to seek support and information to help manage their condition. For clinically related topics, patients can benefit from getting opinions from clinical experts, and many are concerned about misinformation and biased information being spread online. However, a large volume of community posts makes it challenging for moderators and clinical experts, if there are any, to provide necessary information.

Live birth and cumulative live birth rates in expected poor ovarian responders defined by the Bologna criteria following IVF/ICSI treatment.

Objective: To determine the live birth and cumulative live birth rates of expected poor ovarian responders according to the Bologna criteria and to compare their outcomes with those of expected normal responders.

Design: Retrospective analysis.

Setting: University infertility clinic.

The effect of endometrial injury on ongoing pregnancy rate in unselected subfertile women undergoing in vitro fertilization: a randomized controlled trial.

Study Question: Does endometrial injury in the cycle preceding ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization (IVF) improve the ongoing pregnancy rate in unselected subfertile women?

Summary Answer: Endometrial injury induced by endometrial aspiration in the preceding cycle does not improve the ongoing pregnancy rate in unselected subfertile women undergoing IVF.

What Is Known Already: Implantation failure remains one of the major limiting factors for IVF success. Mechanical endometrial injury in the cycle preceding ovarian stimulation of IVF treatment has been shown to improve implantation and pregnancy rates in women with repeated implantation failures.

A highly-sensitive anti-Müllerian hormone assay improves analysis of ovarian function following chemotherapy for early breast cancer.

Aim: Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) shows promise as a biomarker of the ovarian reserve but current assays are insufficiently sensitive to allow assessment of this post-chemotherapy in most women. We have assessed a new highly sensitive AMH assay (Ansh picoAMH) in the evaluation of ovarian activity in women with very low ovarian reserve after chemotherapy.

Methods: A prospective cohort and an independent validation cohort of premenopausal women with early breast cancer (eBC) were recruited at the time of diagnosis (combined n=98), and ovarian reserve markers 2-5 years later following chemotherapy were assessed in relation to menstrual activity.

Effect of preovulatory progesterone elevation and duration of progesterone elevation on the pregnancy rate of frozen-thawed embryo transfer in natural cycles.

Objective: To assess the incidence of P elevation (PE) in natural cycles and evaluate its effect on frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycles performed in natural cycles (FET-NC).

Study Design: Retrospective analysis.

Setting: A tertiary assisted reproductive unit.

Live birth rate, multiple pregnancy rate, and obstetric outcomes of elective single and double embryo transfers: Hong Kong experience.

Objective: To compare the live birth rate, multiple pregnancy rate, and obstetric outcomes of elective single and double embryo transfers.

Design: Case series with internal comparisons.

Setting: University affiliated hospital, Hong Kong.

A pilot study on the combined use of letrozole, mifepristone and misoprostol in termination of first trimester pregnancy up to 9 weeks' gestation.

Objective: To assess the feasibility of adding letrozole to the standard regimen of mifepristone and misoprostol for termination of pregnancy up to 63 days.

Study Design: We recruited 50 subjects who had requested legal termination of pregnancy up to 63 days. Medical abortion was performed with a singe dose of 200 mg mifepristone and 10 mg of letrozole daily for 3 days followed by 800 mcg vaginal misoprostol.

Identification of CD147 (basigin) as a mediator of trophoblast functions.

Study Question: Does CD147 regulate trophoblast functions in vitro?

Summary Answer: CD147 exists as a receptor complex on human trophoblast and regulates the implantation, invasion and differentiation of trophoblast.

What Is Known Already: CD147 is a membrane protein implicated in a variety of physiological and pathological conditions due to its regulation of cell-cell recognition, cell differentiation and tissue remodeling. Reduced placental CD147 expression is associated with pre-eclampsia, but the mechanism of actions remains unclear.

Perfluorooctanoate suppresses spheroid attachment on endometrial epithelial cells through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and down-regulation of Wnt signaling.

Exposure of animals to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a surfactant used in emulsion polymerization processes causes early pregnancy loss, delayed growth and development of fetuses. The mechanisms of action are largely unknown. We studied the effect of PFOA on implantation using an in vitro spheroid-endometrial cell co-culture model.

Live birth rates following in vitro fertilization in women with thyroid autoimmunity and/or subclinical hypothyroidism.

Objective: To investigate whether the live birth rate following in vitro fertilization (IVF) is affected by thyroid autoimmunity (TAI) and/or subclinical hypothyroidism in subfertile women.

Design And Setting: Retrospective study in a university infertility clinic.

Patients: A total of 627 women without past or current history of thyroid disorder undergoing their first IVF cycle.

A randomized clinical trial comparing the short-term side effects of sublingual and buccal routes of misoprostol administration for medical abortions up to 63 days' gestation.

Background: Buccal misoprostol 800 mcg and sublingual misoprostol 800 mcg show high efficacy when used with 200 mg mifepristone for early pregnancy termination but have different side effect profiles. This is the first double-blind randomized trial comparing the side effect profiles of these two routes of administration of misoprostol when used with mifepristone for termination of pregnancies up to 63 days' gestation.

Study Design: Eligible women (n=90) who requested legal termination of pregnancy up to 63 days' gestation were randomized to two groups and given 200 mg of oral mifepristone followed 48 h later by 800 mcg of either sublingual (n=45) or buccal (n=45) misoprostol.

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) suppresses spheroids attachment on endometrial epithelial cells through the down-regulation of the Wnt-signaling pathway.

The environmental toxicant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) affects embryo development, implantation and fertility in humans. The underlying molecular mechanism by which TCDD suppresses implantation remains largely unknown. We used the trophoblastic spheroids (embryo surrogate)-endometrial cells co-culture assay to study the attachment of trophoblastic spheroids (BeWo and Jeg-3) onto the endometrial epithelial (RL95-2 and Ishikawa) cells.

Ovarian stimulation modulates steroid receptor expression and spheroid attachment in peri-implantation endometria: studies on natural and stimulated cycles.

Objective: To compare the effect of high serum E(2) levels on endometrial steroid receptors in gonadotropin-stimulated cycles (hCG + 7) and natural cycles (LH + 7), and to study its effect on spheroid attachment.

Design: Observational.

Setting: University hospital.

A pilot study of pre-operative misoprostol in reducing operative blood loss during hysterectomy.

Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of a single pre-operative dose of sublingual misoprostol on reducing blood loss in abdominal hysterectomies performed for symptomatic uterine leiomyomas.

Study Design: A cohort of 64 women undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy for symptomatic uterine leiomyomas were randomly assigned to receive a single dose of sublingual 400 mcg misoprostol (n=32) or placebo containing 20mg vitamin B(6) (n=32) 30 min before the operation. The primary outcome was the operative blood loss.

A prospective randomized trial to compare immediate and 24-hour delayed catheter removal following total abdominal hysterectomy.

Objective: To assess whether early or immediate removal of a 12F in-dwelling Foley catheter after total abdominal hysterectomy affects the level of subjective pain assessment postoperatively.

Design: Randomized controlled trial.

Setting: University Hospital.

Excessive ovarian stimulation up-regulates the Wnt-signaling molecule DKK1 in human endometrium and may affect implantation: an in vitro co-culture study.

Background: High serum estradiol (E2) levels following ovarian stimulation lead to reduced implantation and pregnancy rates, yet the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. We investigated if aberrant expression of genes in the Wnt-signaling pathway may be involved.

Methods: Microarray and real-time PCR analysis were performed to analyze gene expression profiles of endometrial samples taken at day hCG + 7 in stimulated cycles, and days LH + 7 and LH + 10 in natural cycles.