Flight power muscles have a coordinated, causal role in controlling hawkmoth pitch turns.

Flying insects solve a daunting control problem of generating a patterned and precise motor program to stay airborne and generate agile maneuvers. In this motor program, each muscle encodes information about movement in precise spike timing down to the millisecond scale. Whereas individual muscles share information about movement, we do not know whether they have separable effects on an animal's motion, or whether muscles functionally interact such that the effects of any muscle's timing depend heavily on the state of the entire musculature.

Neurotechnology and international security: .

In the past decade, international actors have launched "brain projects" or "brain initiatives." One of the emerging technologies enabled by these publicly funded programs is brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), which are devices that allow communication between the brain and external devices like a prosthetic arm or a keyboard. BCIs are poised to have significant impacts on public health, society, and national security.

Precise timing is ubiquitous, consistent, and coordinated across a comprehensive, spike-resolved flight motor program.

Sequences of action potentials, or spikes, carry information in the number of spikes and their timing. Spike timing codes are critical in many sensory systems, but there is now growing evidence that millisecond-scale changes in timing also carry information in motor brain regions, descending decision-making circuits, and individual motor units. Across all of the many signals that control a behavior, how ubiquitous, consistent, and coordinated are spike timing codes? Assessing these open questions ideally involves recording across the whole motor program with spike-level resolution.

Iterative Covariance-Based Removal of Time-Synchronous Artifacts: Application to Gastrointestinal Electrical Recordings.

Objective: The aim of this study was to develop, validate, and apply a fully automated method for reducing large temporally synchronous artifacts present in electrical recordings made from the gastrointestinal (GI) serosa, which are problematic for properly assessing slow wave dynamics. Such artifacts routinely arise in experimental and clinical settings from motion, switching behavior of medical instruments, or electrode array manipulation.

Methods: A novel iterative Covariance-Based Reduction of Artifacts (COBRA) algorithm sequentially reduced artifact waveforms using an updating across-channel median as a noise template, scaled and subtracted from each channel based on their covariance.

Determining the efficient inter-electrode distance for high-resolution mapping using a mathematical model of human gastric dysrhythmias.

Motility of the stomach is in part coordinated by an electrophysiological event called slow waves, which are generated by pacemaker cells called the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). In functional motility disorders, which can be associated with a reduction of ICC, dynamic slow wave dysrhythmias can occur. In recent years, high-resolution (HR) mapping techniques have been applied to describe both normal and dysrhythmic slow wave patterns.