Student nurses' pain knowledge and attitudes towards pain management over the last 20 years: A systematic review.

Objective: To discover if nursing students have improved their level of pain knowledge and their attitudes towards pain management over the last 20 years.

Design: Systematic review utilising the Kable, Pich, and Maslin-Prothero 12 step approach to document a search strategy.

Data Sources: A search was conducted from 2000 to 2020 using CINAHL, PubMed, Embase and ProQuest.

Marking mosquitoes in their natural larval sites using H-enriched water: a promising approach for tracking over extended temporal and spatial scales.

Background: 1.Tracking mosquitoes using current methods of mark-release-recapture are limited to small spatial and temporal scales exposing major gaps in understanding long-range movements and extended survival. Novel approaches to track mosquitoes may yield fresh insights into their biology which improves intervention activities to reduce disease transmission.

Oxygen isotope analyses of biogenic opal and quartz using a novel microfluorination technique.

Rationale: Measuring δ(18)O values in silicates is difficult and hazardous in comparison with measurements of carbonate minerals due to the difficulty in breaking Si-O-Si bonds. A novel method for measurement of δ(18)O values from quartz and biogenic silica utilizing high-temperature pyrolysis with continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry (CF-IRMS) is presented.

Methods: Samples were prepared by offline dehydroxylation/dehydration under vacuum at 1060°C.

Chromium in intertidal sediments of the Clyde, UK: potential for remobilisation and bioaccumulation.

Detailed surveys of intertidal sediments have been performed along the north and south shores of the Inner Clyde estuary, UK. Surface sediment data reveal significant spatial variation in Cr content and an association with major sediment characteristics and location within the estuary. Depth variation for Cr and other heavy metals cannot be explained by variation in major geochemical controls such as grain size and organic matter and highlights the impact of historical contamination on sediment quality.