Artificial intelligence (AI) for paediatric fracture detection: a multireader multicase (MRMC) study protocol.

Introduction: Paediatric fractures are common but can be easily missed on radiography leading to potentially serious implications including long-term pain, disability and missed opportunities for safeguarding in cases of inflicted injury. Artificial intelligence (AI) tools to assist fracture detection in adult patients exist, although their efficacy in children is less well known. This study aims to evaluate whether a commercially available AI tool (certified for paediatric use) improves healthcare professionals (HCPs) detection of fractures, and how this may impact patient care in a retrospective simulated study design.

Quantified small bowel motility assessment on magnetic resonance enterography in paediatric inflammatory bowel disease - does it reflect clinical response?

Background: Quantified small bowel motility assessment using cine magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) has shown promise as a biomarker in adult inflammatory bowel disease. Whether quantified motility corresponds to treatment response in paediatric inflammatory bowel disease is unknown.

Objective: To test whether changes in motility reflect response.

pulmonary infection requiring a surgical treatment in a paediatric haematopoietic progenitor cell recipient.

is a known cause of fungal infection in humans and animals. It is found to be more refractory to antifungal treatment in comparison to other species. With this report we present a case of proven invasive infection with in a child with chronic myeloid leukaemia after haematopoietic stem cell transplant.

Coblation debulking of a paediatric laryngeal plexiform neurofibroma: a pragmatic response to a rare tumour.

Laryngeal neurofibroma is a rare but important differential diagnosis in a patient presenting with stridor. In paediatric patients, these lesions present a management conundrum: complete surgical resection is the established treatment of choice, but an aggressive approach can be detrimental to developing anatomy. We report the case of a plexiform neurofibroma affecting the right hemilarynx of a 3-year-old boy.

Paediatric gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary radiology: why do we need subspecialists, and what is new?

We present the case for subspecialisation in paediatric gastrointestinal and hepato-pancreatico-biliary radiology. We frame the discussion around a number of questions: What is different about the paediatric patient and paediatric gastrointestinal system? What does the radiologist need to do differently? And finally, what can be translated from these subspecialty areas into everyday practice? We cover conditions that the sub-specialist might encounter, focusing on entities such as inflammatory bowel disease and hepatic vascular anomalies. We also highlight novel imaging techniques that are a focus of research in the subspecialties, including contrast-enhanced ultrasound, MRI motility, magnetisation transfer factor, and magnetic resonance elastography.

Detecting inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease - how does ultrasound compare to magnetic resonance enterography using standardised scoring systems?

Background: Magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) is the current gold standard for imaging in inflammatory bowel disease, but ultrasound (US) is a potential alternative.

Objective: To determine whether US is as good as MRE for the detecting inflamed bowel, using a combined consensus score as the reference standard.

Materials And Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study in children and adolescents <18 years with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) at a tertiary and quaternary centre.

Detecting inflammation in the unprepared pediatric colon - how reliable is magnetic resonance enterography?

Background: Pediatric inflammatory bowel disease frequently affects the colon. MR enterography is used to assess the small bowel but it also depicts the colon.

Objective: To compare the accuracy of MR enterography and direct visualization at endoscopy in assessing the colon in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease.

Normal perinatal and paediatric postmortem magnetic resonance imaging appearances.

As postmortem imaging becomes more widely used following perinatal and paediatric deaths, the correct interpretation of images becomes imperative, particularly given the increased use of postmortem magnetic resonance imaging. Many pathological processes may have similar appearances in life and following death. A thorough knowledge of normal postmortem changes is therefore required within postmortem magnetic resonance imaging to ensure that these are not mistakenly interpreted as significant pathology.

Lung aeration on post-mortem magnetic resonance imaging is a useful marker of live birth versus stillbirth.

Objective: Aim of this study was to investigate whether lung assessment on post-mortem magnetic resonance imaging (PMMR) can reliably differentiate between live birth and stillbirth.

Materials And Methods: We retrospectively assessed PMMR imaging features of a group of late foetal terminations following fetocide and stillbirths (without witnessed breathing) and early infant deaths (breathed spontaneously before death). PMMR images were reviewed for evidence of lung aeration and other features, blinded to the clinical and autopsy data.

Gadolinium and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: an update.

Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) is a multisystem disease seen exclusively in patients with renal impairment. It can be severely debilitating and sometimes fatal. There is a strong association with gadolinium-based contrast agents used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).