The association between bone turnover markers and kyphosis in community-dwelling older adults.

Purpose: Hyperkyphosis, accentuated curvature of the thoracic spine, is often attributed to osteoporosis, yet its underlying pathophysiology is not well understood. Bone turnover markers (BTM) reflect the dynamic process of bone formation and resorption. This study examined the association between serum BTM levels and kyphosis in community-dwelling older adults.

A 10-year follow-up of the effect of continuous-combined hormone replacement therapy and its discontinuation on bone in postmenopausal women.

Objective: To establish the effect on bone mineral density (BMD) of long-term (nine years) continuous-combined hormone replacement therapy (ccHRT) with estradiol valerate/medroxyprogesterone acetate (E(2)V/MPA) and follow-up one year after discontinuation of ccHRT.

Study Design: A total of 279 women were treated with daily dosages of E(2)V + MPA: 1 mg + 2.5 mg (n = 69), 1 mg + 5 mg (n = 70) or 2 mg + 5 mg (n = 140) (Indivina), Orion Pharma, Espoo, Finland) for 8.