Bridging medical education goals and health system outcomes: An instrumental case study of pre-clerkship students' improvement projects.

Introduction: Many medical schools engage students in health system improvement (HSI) efforts. Evaluation of these efforts often focuses on students' learning outcomes and rarely considers the impact on health systems, despite the significant commitment health systems make to these efforts. Our study identified and evaluated system-level outcomes of pre-clerkship medical students' engagement in HSI efforts.

Twelve tips for responding to microaggressions and overt discrimination: When the patient offends the learner.

Microaggressions and expressions of overt discrimination negatively affect the experience of medical trainees at all levels. Mistreatment of trainees, including abusive and discriminatory behavior by patients and families, occurs commonly and is receiving increased attention in both the medical literature and popular press. Heightened awareness of the problem has sparked a call to engage in substantive conversations about bias in health professions education.

Risk factors for tuberculin skin test conversion among HIV-infected patients in New York City.

Background: We assessed the incidence of and risk factors for tuberculin skin test (TST) conversion among HIV-infected adults at a New York City clinic.

Methods: All adult HIV-infected patients were eligible for inclusion if they had a negative baseline TST result and at least one subsequent documented TST test result.

Results: A total of 414 HIV-infected patients had a negative baseline TST result; 288 (69.