A performance evaluation of commercially available and 3D-printable prosthetic hands: a comparison using the anthropomorphic hand assessment protocol.

Despite significant technological progress in prosthetic hands, a device with functionality akin to a biological extremity is far from realization. To better support the development of next-generation technologies, we investigated the grasping capabilities of clinically prescribable and commercially available (CPCA) prosthetic hands against those that are 3D-printed, which offer cost-effective and customizable solutions. Our investigation utilized the Anthropomorphic Hand Assessment Protocol (AHAP) as a benchtop evaluation of the multi-grasp performance of 3D-printed devices against CPCA prosthetic hands.

Psychedelic 5-HT2A receptor agonism: neuronal signatures and altered neurovascular coupling.

Psychedelics hold therapeutic promise for mood disorders due to rapid, sustained results. Human neuroimaging studies have reported dramatic serotonin-2A receptor-(5-HT2AR)-dependent changes in functional brain reorganization that presumably reflect neuromodulation. However, the potent vasoactive effects of serotonin have been overlooked.

Enrichment using speech latencies improves treatment effect size in a clinical trial of bipolar depression.

Clinical trials in depression lack objective measures. Speech latencies are an objective measure of psychomotor slowing with face validity and empirical support. 'Turn latency' is the response time between speakers.

Evaluating speech latencies during structured psychiatric interviews as an automated objective measure of psychomotor slowing.

We sought to derive an objective measure of psychomotor slowing from speech analytics during a psychiatric interview to avoid potential burden of dedicated neurophysiological testing. Speech latency, which reflects response time between speakers, shows promise from the literature. Speech data was obtained from 274 subjects with a diagnosis of bipolar I depression enrolled in a randomized, doubleblind, 6-week phase 2 clinical trial.

Psilocybin desynchronizes the human brain.

A single dose of psilocybin, a psychedelic that acutely causes distortions of space-time perception and ego dissolution, produces rapid and persistent therapeutic effects in human clinical trials. In animal models, psilocybin induces neuroplasticity in cortex and hippocampus. It remains unclear how human brain network changes relate to subjective and lasting effects of psychedelics.

Estimating heterogeneity of treatment effect in psychiatric clinical trials.

Currently, placebo-controlled clinical trials report mean change and effect sizes, which masks information about heterogeneity of treatment effects (HTE). Here, we present a method to estimate HTE and evaluate the null hypothesis (H) that a drug has equal benefit for all participants (HTE=0). We developed measure termed 'estimated heterogeneity of treatment effect' or which estimates variability in drug response by comparing distributions between study arms.

Review and critique of current testing protocols for upper-limb prostheses: a call for standardization amidst rapid technological advancements.

This article provides a comprehensive narrative review of physical task-based assessments used to evaluate the multi-grasp dexterity and functional impact of varying control systems in pediatric and adult upper-limb prostheses. Our search returned 1,442 research articles from online databases, of which 25 tests-selected for their scientific rigor, evaluation metrics, and psychometric properties-met our review criteria. We observed that despite significant advancements in the mechatronics of upper-limb prostheses, these 25 assessments are the only validated evaluation methods that have emerged since the first measure in 1948.

Psilocybin desynchronizes brain networks.

1The relationship between the acute effects of psychedelics and their persisting neurobiological and psychological effects is poorly understood. Here, we tracked brain changes with longitudinal precision functional mapping in healthy adults before, during, and for up to 3 weeks after oral psilocybin and methylphenidate (17 MRI visits per participant) and again 6+ months later. Psilocybin disrupted connectivity across cortical networks and subcortical structures, producing more than 3-fold greater acute changes in functional networks than methylphenidate.

Better Biomarkers, Faster Drugs, Stronger Models: Progress Towards Precision Psychiatry.

The 21 century has brought novel therapies and new therapeutic targets for major depressive disorder (MDD). Until recently all antidepressant medications targeted monoamines-serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine- and their regulatory systems. But growing evidence has suggested that individuals who fail to respond to a monoaminergic treatment are likely to fail to respond to other monoaminergic options.

Psychedelic Drug Legislative Reform and Legalization in the US.

Importance: Psychedelic drugs are becoming accessible in the US through a patchwork of state legislative reforms. This shift necessitates consensus on treatment models, education and guidance for health care professionals, and planning for implementation and regulation.

Objective: To assess trends in psychedelics legislative reform and legalization in the US to provide guidance to health care professionals, policy makers, and the public.

Improving Misfire Fault Diagnosis with Cascading Architectures via Acoustic Vehicle Characterization.

In a world dependent on road-based transportation, it is essential to understand automobiles. We propose an acoustic road vehicle characterization system as an integrated approach for using sound captured by mobile devices to enhance transparency and understanding of vehicles and their condition for non-expert users. We develop and implement novel deep learning cascading architectures, which we define as conditional, multi-level networks that process raw audio to extract highly granular insights for vehicle understanding.

Mapping correlated neurological deficits after stroke to distributed brain networks.

Understanding the relationships between brain organization and behavior is a central goal of neuroscience. Traditional teaching emphasizes that the human cerebrum includes many distinct areas for which damage or dysfunction would lead to a unique and specific behavioral syndrome. This teaching implies that brain areas correspond to encapsulated modules that are specialized for specific cognitive operations.

Unified waste metrics: A gamified tool in next-generation strategic planning.

A gamification approach for tackling waste management planning and urban development provide a more engaging and interactive experience with high pedagogical potential. Existing serious games involving waste management are complex in their data ingestion, use, and presentation, limiting individuals' opportunities to gain knowledge and decision-making skills transferrable to the real world. Simulations, by comparison, provide either an oversimplified and unrealistic user interface or explore in depth individual rather than aggregate key performance indicators for waste management, limiting potential knowledge retention.

Temporal exponential random graph models of longitudinal brain networks after stroke.

Plasticity after stroke is a complex phenomenon. Functional reorganization occurs not only in the perilesional tissue but throughout the brain. However, the local connection mechanisms generating such global network changes remain largely unknown.

Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for depression: Emerging research on a psychedelic compound with a rich history.

There is a serious need for novel therapies that treat individuals with depression, including major depressive disorder (MDD) and treatment-resistant depression (TRD). An emerging body of research has demonstrated that psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin, combined with supportive psychotherapy, exert rapid and sustained antidepressant effects. The use of psychedelics is not new: they have a rich history with evidence of their use in ritual and medical settings.

Effective connectivity extracts clinically relevant prognostic information from resting state activity in stroke.

Recent resting-state functional MRI studies in stroke patients have identified two robust biomarkers of acute brain dysfunction: a reduction of inter-hemispheric functional connectivity between homotopic regions of the same network, and an abnormal increase of ipsi-lesional functional connectivity between task-negative and task-positive resting-state networks. Whole-brain computational modelling studies, at the individual subject level, using undirected effective connectivity derived from empirically measured functional connectivity, have shown a reduction of measures of integration and segregation in stroke as compared to healthy brains. Here we employ a novel method, first, to infer whole-brain directional effective connectivity from zero-lagged and lagged covariance matrices, then, to compare it to empirically measured functional connectivity for predicting stroke versus healthy status, and patient performance (zero, one, multiple deficits) across neuropsychological tests.

Individualized Functional Subnetworks Connect Human Striatum and Frontal Cortex.

The striatum and cerebral cortex are interconnected via multiple recurrent loops that play a major role in many neuropsychiatric conditions. Primate corticostriatal connections can be precisely mapped using invasive tract-tracing. However, noninvasive human research has not mapped these connections with anatomical precision, limited in part by the practice of averaging neuroimaging data across individuals.

Prolonged ketamine infusion modulates limbic connectivity and induces sustained remission of treatment-resistant depression.

Ketamine produces a rapid antidepressant response in over 50% of adults with treatment-resistant depression. A long infusion of ketamine may provide durable remission of depressive symptoms, but the safety, efficacy, and neurobiological correlates are unknown. In this open-label, proof-of-principle study, adults with treatment-resistant depression (N = 23) underwent a 96-h infusion of intravenous ketamine (0.

Integrative and Network-Specific Connectivity of the Basal Ganglia and Thalamus Defined in Individuals.

The basal ganglia, thalamus, and cerebral cortex form an interconnected network implicated in many neurological and psychiatric illnesses. A better understanding of cortico-subcortical circuits in individuals will aid in development of personalized treatments. Using precision functional mapping-individual-specific analysis of highly sampled human participants-we investigated individual-specific functional connectivity between subcortical structures and cortical functional networks.

Spatial and Temporal Organization of the Individual Human Cerebellum.

The cerebellum contains the majority of neurons in the human brain and is unique for its uniform cytoarchitecture, absence of aerobic glycolysis, and role in adaptive plasticity. Despite anatomical and physiological differences between the cerebellum and cerebral cortex, group-average functional connectivity studies have identified networks related to specific functions in both structures. Recently, precision functional mapping of individuals revealed that functional networks in the cerebral cortex exhibit measurable individual specificity.

Altered hemodynamics contribute to local but not remote functional connectivity disruption due to glioma growth.

Glioma growth can cause pervasive changes in the functional connectivity (FC) of brain networks, which has been associated with re-organization of brain functions and development of functional deficits in patients. Mechanisms underlying functional re-organization in brain networks are not understood and efforts to utilize functional imaging for surgical planning, or as a biomarker of functional outcomes are confounded by the heterogeneity in available human data. Here we apply multiple imaging modalities in a well-controlled murine model of glioma with extensive validation using human data to explore mechanisms of FC disruption due to glioma growth.

Re-emergence of modular brain networks in stroke recovery.

Studies of stroke have identified local reorganization in perilesional tissue. However, because the brain is highly networked, strokes also broadly alter the brain's global network organization. Here, we assess brain network structure longitudinally in adult stroke patients using resting state fMRI.