Management Patterns for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Impact of a Patient Decision Aid.

Introduction: Decision aids aimed at men with benign prostatic hyperplasia used in clinical trials have decreased the use of procedures and affected elements of decisional quality. We employed an online, interactive decision aid for men with benign prostatic hyperplasia as a routine part of care with a urologist and tracked subsequent treatment choice. We further evaluated the role of patient preferences on treatment selection.

The TGFβ type I receptor TGFβRI functions as an inhibitor of BMP signaling in cartilage.

The type I TGFβ receptor TGFβRI (encoded by ) was ablated in cartilage. The resulting mice exhibited lethal chondrodysplasia. Similar defects were not seen in mice lacking the type II TGFβ receptor or SMADs 2 and 3, the intracellular mediators of canonical TGFβ signaling.

Smad2 and Smad3 Regulate Chondrocyte Proliferation and Differentiation in the Growth Plate.

TGFβs act through canonical and non-canonical pathways, and canonical signals are transduced via Smad2 and Smad3. However, the contribution of canonical vs. non-canonical pathways in cartilage is unknown because the role of Smad2 in chondrogenesis has not been investigated in vivo.