Light-cell interactions in depth-resolved optogenetics.

Light as a tool in medical therapy and biological research has been studied extensively and its application is subject to continuous improvement. However, safe and efficient application of light-based methods in photomedicine or optogenetics requires knowledge about the optical properties of the target tissue as well as the response characteristics of the stimulated cells. Here, we used tissue phantoms and a heart-like light-sensitive cell line to investigate optogenetic stimulation through tissue layers.