Validation of a three-dimensional printed pediatric middle ear model for endoscopic surgery training.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to assess the anatomical appropriateness of a three-dimensional (3D) printed pediatric middle ear model with a replaceable middle ear unit as an endoscopic ear surgery (EES) simulator.

Methods: Single-blinded, prospective, proof-of-concept study conducted in a simulation operative suite. A simulator was developed through segmentation of source images and multi-material 3D printing.