The role of physical exercise in modulating peripheral inflammatory and neurotrophic biomarkers in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Physiological cascades of neurotrophic factors and inflammatory cytokines may mediate the exercise-induced amelioration of cognition in older adults. However, there is limited understanding on how different exercise modalities improving cognition alter biomarkers. Our aim was to evaluate the effects of different exercise modalities on blood biomarker concentrations in cognitive clinical trials of older adults.

Dual decline in gait speed and cognition is associated with future dementia: evidence for a phenotype.

Background: concurrent declines in gait speed and cognition have been associated with future dementia. However, the clinical profile of 'dual decliners', those with concomitant decline in both gait speed and cognition, has not been yet described. We aimed to describe the phenotype and the risk for incident dementia of those who present with dual decline in comparison with non-dual decliners.