Liposome-doped nanocomposites as artificial-cell-based biosensors: detection of listeriolysin O.

Listeriolysin O (LLO) is a pore-forming hemolysin secreted by the foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes and is required for bacterial virulence. Current detection methods for L. monocytogenes are time-consuming, labor-intensive, and expensive, which is impractical considering the limitations of food storage.