Elevated Titanium Levels After Revision Total Hip Caused by Previously Unreported Mechanism.

Introduction: Metallosis from total hip arthroplasty is usually due to trunnionosis and is associated with elevated serum cobalt and chromium levels. Titanium levels usually remain normal.

Methods: Here, we report two rare cases of elevated titanium levels, both with the same mechanism, which is a previously unreported cause of titanium metallosis.

Vulnerability to climate change of United States marine mammal stocks in the western North Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean.

Climate change and climate variability are affecting marine mammal species and these impacts are projected to continue in the coming decades. Vulnerability assessments provide a framework for evaluating climate impacts over a broad range of species using currently available information. We conducted a trait-based climate vulnerability assessment using expert elicitation for 108 marine mammal stocks and stock groups in the western North Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea.

Carbon-Centered Radicals in Protein Manipulation.

Methods to directly post-translationally modify proteins are perhaps the most straightforward and operationally simple ways to create and study protein post-translational modifications (PTMs). However, precisely altering or constructing the C-C scaffolds pervasive throughout biology is difficult with common two-electron chemical approaches. Recently, there has been a surge of new methods that have utilized single electron/radical chemistry applied to site-specifically "edit" proteins that have started to create this potential-one that in principle could be near free-ranging.

Posttranslational, site-directed photochemical fluorine editing of protein sidechains to probe residue oxidation state via F-nuclear magnetic resonance.

The fluorination of amino acid residues represents a near-isosteric alteration with the potential to report on biological pathways, yet the site-directed editing of carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds in complex biomolecules to carbon-fluorine (C-F) bonds is challenging, resulting in its limited exploitation. Here, we describe a protocol for the posttranslational and site-directed alteration of native γCH to γCF in protein sidechains. This alteration allows the installation of difluorinated sidechain analogs of proteinogenic amino acids, in both native and modified states.

Post-translational insertion of boron in proteins to probe and modulate function.

Boron is absent in proteins, yet is a micronutrient. It possesses unique bonding that could expand biological function including modes of Lewis acidity not available to typical elements of life. Here we show that post-translational Cβ-Bγ bond formation provides mild, direct, site-selective access to the minimally sized residue boronoalanine (Bal) in proteins.

Light-driven post-translational installation of reactive protein side chains.

Post-translational modifications (PTMs) greatly expand the structures and functions of proteins in nature. Although synthetic protein functionalization strategies allow mimicry of PTMs, as well as formation of unnatural protein variants with diverse potential functions, including drug carrying, tracking, imaging and partner crosslinking, the range of functional groups that can be introduced remains limited. Here we describe the visible-light-driven installation of side chains at dehydroalanine residues in proteins through the formation of carbon-centred radicals that allow C-C bond formation in water.

Expression of a Structural Protein of the Mycovirus FgV-ch9 Negatively Affects the Transcript Level of a Novel Symptom Alleviation Factor and Causes Virus Infection-Like Symptoms in Fusarium graminearum.

Infections of fungi by mycoviruses are often symptomless but sometimes also fatal, as they perturb sporulation, growth, and, if applicable, virulence of the fungal host. Hypovirulence-inducing mycoviruses, therefore, represent a powerful means to defeat fungal epidemics on crop plants. Infection with Fusarium graminearum virus China 9 (FgV-ch9), a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) chrysovirus-like mycovirus, debilitates , the causal agent of fusarium head blight.

'Beyond quantum theory: a realist psycho-biological interpretation of reality' revisited.

It is hypothesised that quantum physics is not the ultimate theory of nature, but merely a theoretical account of the phenomena manifested in nature under particular conditions. These phenomena parallel cognitive phenomena in biosystems in a number of ways, and are assumed to arise from related mechanisms. Quantum and biological accounts are complementary in the sense of Bohr, and quantum accounts may be incomplete.

Stimulation of fetal hemoglobin production by short chain fatty acids.

Butyrate, a four-carbon fatty acid, and its two-carbon metabolic product, acetate, are inducers of gamma-globin synthesis. To test whether other short-chain fatty acids share this property, we first examined whether propionic acid, a three-carbon fatty acid that is not catabolized to acetate, induces gamma-globin expression. Sodium propionate increased the frequency of fetal hemoglobin containing erythroblasts and the gamma/gamma + beta mRNA ratios in adult erythroid cell cultures and F reticulocyte production in a nonanemic juvenile baboon.

The position of integration affects expression of the A gamma-globin-encoding gene linked to HS3 in transgenic mice.

Proper expression of the human beta-globin (beta Glb) locus is dependent on the presence of a major regulatory element located upstream from the beta Glb gene cluster, the locus control region (LCR). The LCR, as well as the individual DNase-I-hypersensitive sites from which it is composed, have been shown to provide position-of-integration-independent expression in transgenic mice. Here, we report that a transgenic founder carrying multiple integrations of a hypersensitive site 3::A gamma globin gene (HS3::A gamma) construct produced three types of progeny, one with zero A gamma expression in the adult stage, one with minimal A gamma expression (1% of A gamma-expressing cells) and one with abundant A gamma expression (100% A gamma-expressing cells).

Coexpression of epsilon, G gamma and A gamma globin mRNA in embryonic red blood cells from a single copy beta-YAC transgenic mouse.

We utilized reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to amplify epsilon, G gamma and A gamma globin cDNAs from single red blood cells isolated from a day-10 transgenic fetus harboring a single copy of the human beta-YAC. A detailed structural analysis of the beta-YAC showed a single copy of each beta-like globin gene is present and linked to the locus control region (LCR). RNase protection analysis of RNA isolated from erythroid tissues from day-8 to day-16 of development and the adult stage showed proper developmental switching of the beta-like globin gene expression.

Fetal hemoglobin induction by acetate, a product of butyrate catabolism.

Butyrate induces fetal hemoglobin (HbF) synthesis in cultures of erythroid progenitors, in primates, and in man. The mechanism by which this compound stimulates gamma-globin synthesis is unknown. In the course of butyrate catabolism, beta oxidation by mitochondrial enzymes results in the formation of two acetate molecules from each molecule of butyrate.

Developmental regulation of human gamma-globin genes in transgenic mice.

We report results showing that several gamma gene promoter elements participate in the developmental control of gamma-globin genes. Four gamma gene constructs with 5' truncated at -141, -201, -382, and -730 of the A gamma gene promoter linked to a micro locus control region (microLCR) cassette were used for production of transgenic mice and analysis of gamma gene expression during development. Mice carrying a microLCR -141 A gamma construct displayed downregulation of gamma gene expression in the adult stage of development, indicating that the proximal promoter contains elements participating in gamma gene silencing.

Transgenic mice containing a 248-kb yeast artificial chromosome carrying the human beta-globin locus display proper developmental control of human globin genes.

Transgenic mice were generated using a purified 248-kb yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) bearing an intact 82-kb human beta-globin locus and 148 kb of flanking sequence. Seventeen of 148 F0 pups were transgenic. RNase protection analysis of RNA isolated from the blood of 13 gamma- and beta-globin-positive founders showed that only the human beta-globin gene was expressed in the adult founders.

Locus control region-A gamma transgenic mice: a new model for studying the induction of fetal hemoglobin in the adult.

All pharmacologic agents that induce fetal hemoglobin (Hb) have been discovered with in vivo studies of humans, macaques, and baboons. We tested whether transgenic mice carrying human fetal (gamma) globin genes provide a model for studying the pharmacologic induction of HbF in the adult. In initial studies, phenylhydrazine-induced hemolytic anemia, 5-azacytidine, butyrate, or combinations of these treatments failed to activate the human gamma-globin gene in a transgenic mouse line carrying a 4.

A compressive strength study of complete ceramic crowns. Part II.

The original study by this group compared the crushing strength of Cerestore crowns with porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns and porcelain jackets. Since that time, two porcelains, Dicor and Renaissance, have become available. This study compares Cerestore, Dicor, and Renaissance crowns using a porcelain-fused-to-metal crown as a standard for the type of crown with maximum strength that is currently available and an all-porcelain crown to represent the porcelain with the least strength.

Autonomous developmental control of human embryonic globin gene switching in transgenic mice.

The mechanisms by which expression of the beta-like globin genes are developmentally regulated are under intense investigation. The temporal control of human embryonic (epsilon) globin expression was analyzed. A 3.

Iron absorption in the iron-deficient rat.

Iron absorption in the iron-deficient rat was compared with that in the normal rat to better understand the regulation of this dynamic process. It was found that: Iron uptake by the iron-deficient intestinal mucosa was prolonged as a result of slower gastric release, particularly when larger doses of iron were employed. The increased mucosal uptake of ionized iron was not the result of increased adsorption, but instead appeared related to a metabolically active uptake process, whereas the increased mucosal uptake of transferrin iron was associated with increased numbers of mucosal cell membrane transferrin receptors.