Bladder cancer incidence and mortality among men with and without castration therapy for prostate cancer - a nation-wide cohort study.

Background And Purpose: Bladder cancer (BC) is a common malignancy in the Western World with men being diagnosed almost four times as often as women. The etiology of bladder cancer may involve sex hormones. Prostate cancer (PCa) patients treated with chemical castration, such as androgen deprivation therapy, or surgical castration, may therefore have a lower risk of developing bladder cancer.

The Inequality of Females in Bladder Cancer.

Urinary bladder cancer is worldwide one of the most diagnosed and costly types of cancer. One puzzle in the bladder cancer diagnosis is the disproportional relationship between genders. Males are more likely to be diagnosed with bladder cancer whereas females typically are diagnosed with more adverse disease and worse prognosis, which has led to speculation of the potential role of sex hormones and their receptors in this disease.

[Anti-Müllerian hormone is a clinical useful measure of the ovarian reserve].

Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is produced by the growing follicles in the ovaries. The number of follicles in this pool is proportional to the number of primordial follicles in the resting pool (the "ovarian reserve"), thus AMH is believed to be a surrogate marker of the ovarian reserve. AMH is a useful adjunct in the evaluation of a woman's "reproductive age", being an important parameter in counselling for reproduction.